(a) Alternative Dispute Resolution Program
(1) Objective. The court strives to assist parties involved in civil litigation in resolving
their disputes in a just, timely and cost-effective manner. To that end, the court has
created an alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”) program pursuant to the Alternative
Dispute Resolution Act of 1998, 28 U.S.C. § 651 et seq. That statute and this rule
encourage and promote the early and inexpensive resolution of disputes through one or
more alternative dispute resolution procedures, as defined below. The court finds that the
use of alternative dispute resolution procedures promotes timely and affordable justice
while reducing calendar congestion.
(2) Rule Administration. The alternative dispute resolution program shall be administered
by the Clerk of Court with the cooperation and assistance of the Alternative Dispute
Resolution Committee of the Federal Bar Association of the Western District of
Washington (the “Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee”). The clerk and the
Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee shall compile and revise materials describing
various ADR procedures available hereunder. The clerk shall make such materials
available to the parties in civil cases as directed by the court.
(3) Definition. For purposes of this rule, an ADR procedure includes any process or
procedure, other than an adjudication by a presiding judge, in which one or more neutral
third parties participate to assist in the resolution of issues in controversy. Such
procedures include the procedures available under sections (c)--(e) of this rule, as well as
such other alternative dispute resolution procedures as the court may approve under
section (f) of this rule.
(4) Participation in ADR Is Voluntary. Participation in ADR is voluntary unless the court
orders the parties to participate. As set forth in LCR 26(f), parties are expected to advise
the court in their joint status report regarding whether they plan to engage in ADR and if
so, when and what type.
(5) Consideration of Alternative Dispute Resolution. Litigants in all civil cases subject to
this rule shall consider the use of ADR procedures at all appropriate stages in the
litigation, including the early stages of the litigation.
(6) Confidentiality. Except as otherwise required by law or agreed by the litigants, or
otherwise provided by this rule, all ADR proceedings under this rule, including
communications, statements, disclosures and representations made by any party, attorney
or other participant in the course of such proceeding, shall, in all respects, be confidential,
and shall not be reported, recorded, placed in evidence, disclosed to anyone not a party to
the litigation, made known to the trial court or jury, or construed for any purpose as an
admission or declaration against interest. No party shall be bound by anything done or
said during such proceedings unless a settlement or other agreement is reached.
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(7) Immunities and Protections. All persons serving as neutrals under this rule shall be
accorded the immunities and protections that the law provides to persons serving in a
quasi-judicial capacity.
(b) Attorney Neutrals
(1) Register of Attorney Neutrals. The Clerk of Court, with the cooperation and
assistance of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee, shall establish and maintain a
register of qualified attorneys who have agreed to serve as neutrals under this rule. The
attorneys so registered shall be approved by the court from lists of qualified attorneys at
law, who are members of the bar of this court, have a physical office within the
geographic boundaries of the Western District of Washington, and who are recommended
by the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee. The Alternative Dispute Resolution
Committee shall request the county bar associations within the geographical boundaries of
the district to cooperate with the Committee in obtaining well-qualified attorneys for the
register.
(2) Eligibility. To qualify for inclusion and continued maintenance on the register of
neutrals under this rule, an attorney shall certify that he or she:
(A) has been a member of the bar of a federal district court for at least seven years or has
had at least seven years of judicial experience;
(B) is a member of the bar of the United States District Court for the Western District of
Washington and has a physical office within the geographic boundaries of the Western
District of Washington;
(C) has devoted a substantial portion of his or her practice to litigation;
(D) has met such training requirement as the court may direct by general order;
(E) agrees to accept appointment to serve as a neutral on a pro bono basis when
appropriate. Refusal to accept at least one pro bono appointment per year, if requested to
do so, may result in the removal of the attorney from the register of neutrals; and
(F) recertifies every three years that he or she continues to meet the eligibility
requirements of this rule and has served as a pro bono mediator at least once during each
calendar year or that he or she was not asked to do so.
(3) Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee. The Alternative Dispute Resolution
Committee shall assist the court in determining that the register of qualified attorneys is
duly maintained, that such attorneys have certified that they have necessary training and/or
experience as required by the rule, and that such attorneys are in compliance with LCR
39.1(b)(2).
(4) Disclosure Requirement. Neutrals serving under this rule should disclose any interest
or relationship likely to affect their impartiality or that might reasonably create an
appearance that they are biased against one party or favorable to another. When parties,
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with knowledge of such disclosures, nevertheless desire a particular neutral to serve and
affirmatively waive such disclosures, the neutral may serve; provided, however, that
nothing in this provision shall affect the obligations of any district judge or magistrate
judge under 28 U.S.C. § 455.
(5) Compensation and Mediation Without Charge. Unless otherwise ordered by the
court, neutrals serving under this rule shall be eligible to receive compensation for their
services and reimbursement for expenses incurred, either as agreed upon by the parties or
within limits set by the court, subject to regulations approved by the Judicial Conference
of the United States and/or the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Parties
may contact any neutral from the register and request that he or she conduct the mediation
without compensation. Parties may also submit a request for pro bono mediation to the
Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee using the form available on the court’s
website.
(c) Mediation
(1) Designation and Scheduling. In any civil case, the court may order the parties to
engage in mediation under this rule, and may schedule the required steps so as to
maximize the prospects of early settlement. The parties may file a written stipulation for
mediation under this rule at any time.
(2) Settlement Conference. In every civil action in which the court has ordered the parties
to engage in mediation under this rule, the attorneys for all parties to the action, except
nominal parties and stakeholders, shall meet at least once, preferably in person, and
engage in a good faith attempt to negotiate a settlement of the action no later than 30 days
prior to the mediation conference, unless the court sets a different date.
(3) Selection of Mediator. In every civil action in which the court has ordered the parties
to engage in mediation under this rule, the parties shall attempt to agree upon the selection
of a single mediator for settlement purposes from the register of attorney neutrals. If they
are unable to agree upon a mediator from the register of qualified attorneys, they may
choose a mediator who is not listed on the register. If the parties cannot agree upon the
selection of a mediator, either party may apply to the court for the designation of a
mediator from the register of attorney neutrals. The court shall thereupon promptly
designate a mediator from the register and shall send notice of that designation to the
mediator and to all attorneys of record in the action. The court may require the mediator
to serve without compensation in some circumstances. Within ten days of such notice, the
mediator designated by the court shall advise all attorneys of record whether he or she is
willing and able to serve as mediator and shall make all disclosures required by section
(b)(4).
(4) Request for Mediation Without Charge. A party, or the parties jointly, may request
pro bono (free of charge) mediation. To do so, parties may complete and sign the Request
for Mediation Without Charge form, available from the Clerk’s Office and on the court’s
website. On the form, parties must indicate the basis for the request, which may include
that one or more parties are unable, without financial hardship, to pay the anticipated fee
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for the services of the mediator.
(5) Mediation Procedure. Whether selected by the parties or designated by the court, the
mediator may arrange with the parties an initial conference call. Except to the extent the
mediator directs otherwise, the following procedures shall apply:
(A) Copy of Pretrial Order or Pleadings. Upon selection of a mediator the parties shall
provide the mediator with a copy of the Pretrial Order, if one has been lodged in the
cause. If a Pretrial Order has not been lodged, they shall provide the mediator with
copies of their relevant pleadings.
(B) Notice of Time and Place. The mediator shall fix a time and place for the mediation
conference, and all adjourned sessions that is reasonably convenient for the parties.
(C) Memoranda. Each party shall provide the mediator with a memorandum presenting
in concise form its contentions relative to both liability and damages. This memorandum
should not exceed 3,500 words or, if written by hand or typewriter, 10 pages in length.
Copies of the memorandum must be delivered to the mediator and served upon all other
parties at least seven days before the mediation conference. In addition, a party may
deliver to the mediator a confidential memorandum that is not served on the other parties.
(D) Attorney’s Attendance and Preparation Required. The attorney who is primarily
responsible for each party’s case shall personally attend and participate in good faith in
the mediation conference and any adjourned sessions of that conference. The attorney for
each party shall come prepared to discuss the following matters in detail:
1. all liability issues;
2. all damage issues; and
3. the position of his or her client relative to settlement.
(E) Parties to Attend. In addition to counsel, parties and insurers having authority to
settle, and to adjust pre-existing settlement authority if necessary, must attend the
mediation, either in person or virtually, and participate in good faith. The mediator may
in his or her discretion, but only in exceptional cases, excuse a party or insurer from
attending a mediation conference. If a party or representative of an insurer is excused
from personal attendance by the mediator, the party or representative shall be on call by
telephone during the conference.
(F) Failure to Attend. Willful or negligent failure to attend the mediation conference, to
participate in good faith, or to comply with this rule or with the directions of the
mediator, shall be reported to the court by the mediator in writing and may result in the
imposition of such sanctions as the court may find appropriate.
(6) Notice to Clients of Mediator’s Suggestions. Counsel shall comply promptly with any
request by the mediator that a party be advised of the mediator’s suggestions as to
settlement.
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The mediator shall have no obligation to make any written comments or recommendations
but may provide the attorneys for the parties with a written settlement recommendation. No
copy of any such recommendation shall be filed with the clerk or made available in whole
or in part, directly or indirectly, to the court or to the jury.
The attorneys for the parties shall forward copies of any such recommendation to their
clients and shall advise them of the fact that the mediator is a qualified attorney who has
agreed to act as an impartial mediator in an attempt to help the parties reach agreement and
avoid the time, expense and uncertainty of trial.
(7) Notice to Court. The mediator shall provide written notice to the judge, the Clerk’s
Office, and the parties stating (1) when the mediation occurred, and (2) whether the case is
resolved. If the case was not resolved, the mediator also may submit a letter to the judge
and the parties, not filed with the Clerk’s Office, expressing the mediator’s views as to
whether the appointment of a settlement judge, or the use of other alternative dispute
resolution procedures, would be advisable. In no event shall the mediator disclose any
communication made between the mediator and the parties or their counsel.
(d) Arbitration
(1) Voluntary Submission to Arbitration. Parties may, to the extent permitted by statute,
stipulate to voluntarily dismiss or stay their civil case and proceed to arbitration.
Alternatively, the parties may jointly request that the court refer their case to arbitration
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 654. Court referred arbitration shall be governed by the
provisions of 28 U.S.C. §§ 651-658 relating to voluntary arbitration, for so long as those
sections remain in effect, and by this rule.
(2) No Limitation on Use of Non-Court Referred Arbitration. LCR 39.1(d) and the
procedures herein apply only to court referred arbitration. Nothing herein shall limit the
ability of the parties to consent to enter into arbitration agreements that are otherwise valid
and enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., RCW 7.04.010 et
seq., or other comparable authority.
(3) Eligible Cases. The parties may consent to court referred arbitration in any civil
action in this court, including an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy, except where:
(A) the case is based on an alleged violation of a right secured by the Constitution of the
United States;
(B) jurisdiction is based in whole or in part on 28 U.S.C. § 1343, or
(C) the relief sought consists of monetary damages in an amount greater than $150,000.
For purposes of this subsection, the court shall presume that damages are not greater than
$150,000 unless counsel certifies that damages exceed that amount.
Notwithstanding the above, the court may decline to refer to arbitration any case in which
the objectives of arbitration would not be realized:
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(D) because the case involves complex or novel legal issues,
(E) because legal issues predominate over factual issues, or
(F) for other good cause.
(4) Agreement and Order for Arbitration. The parties may agree in writing to submit all
or part of their claims to court referred arbitration. Alternatively, the parties may prepare
and submit their own form of agreement, and may thereby modify any of the provisions
applicable to arbitration under this rule, subject to the approval of the court. Any
agreement shall include a certification that the parties have been provided access to
materials describing the arbitration program, and agree to arbitration freely and
knowingly. If the parties agree that the arbitration is to be final and conclusive, with trial
de novo waived, the agreement shall specifically so provide. A case shall be referred to
arbitration only upon entry of an order to that effect by the judge to whom the case is
assigned.
(5) No Prejudice for Refusal. A case shall be considered by a judge for reference to
arbitration under this rule only if a consent form executed without limitation or
qualification on behalf of every party has been received by the clerk. The plaintiff shall be
responsible for securing the execution of consent forms by the parties and for filing such
forms with the clerk of court. No consent will be made available, nor will its contents be
made known to any judge, unless all parties have consented to the reference to arbitration.
No party or attorney shall be pressured to consent to arbitration, or prejudiced in any way
for refusing consent.
(6) Scheduling in Arbitration Cases. Prior to the arbitration hearing, the court shall:
(A) set a trial date, which shall be no later than if the case had not been submitted for
arbitration;
(B) set a deadline for completion of all discovery. No discovery will be permitted during
the period beginning fourteen days before the arbitration hearing and ending on the date
the award is issued;
(C) set a deadline for the commencement of the arbitration hearing; and
(D) set a deadline for the filing of pre-arbitration motions.
(7) Number of Arbitrators. Cases shall be heard by a single arbitrator unless the court
orders otherwise.
(8) Selection of Arbitrators. In court referred arbitration, all arbitrators shall be drawn
from the register of neutrals unless the court orders otherwise in a particular case. The
parties may secure a current register from the clerk. Within 14 days after the court orders
arbitration, the parties may notify the clerk that they agree to nominate a specific
arbitrator, and that the nominee has advised the parties that he or she is willing to serve. If
the parties cannot agree upon the selection of an arbitrator, the clerk shall nominate the
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arbitrator from the register of neutrals. In either event, the court shall make the final
appointment, and shall notify the arbitrator and the parties. Within ten days of such
notice, the arbitrator designated by the court shall advise all attorneys of record whether he
or she is willing and able to serve as arbitrator and shall make all disclosures required by
section (b)(4).
(9) Oath or Affirmation and Powers of Arbitrator. The arbitrator shall take an oath or
affirmation as prescribed by 28 U.S.C. § 453. The arbitrator shall have the power to
conduct arbitration hearings, to administer oaths and affirmations, to make awards, and to
assess costs within the meaning of Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 and LCR 54.
(10) Date and Place of Arbitration Hearing. The arbitrator shall notify the parties of the
date, time and place of the hearing. The hearing shall be scheduled in accordance with the
deadline set by the court and for as early a date as possible, consistent with the parties’
needs to complete their preparation.
(11) Procedure at Arbitration Hearing. The arbitrator shall provide directions to the
parties as to the procedure at the hearing, including the length of time allotted to each side
and whether pre-hearing memoranda are required. All testimony shall be given under oath
or affirmation administered by the arbitrator. In receiving evidence, the arbitrator shall
apply the Federal Rules of Evidence. Attendance of witnesses and production of
documents may be compelled in accordance with Rule 45, Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure. The arbitrator may make reasonable rules and issue orders necessary for the
fair and efficient conduct of the hearing and prehearing proceedings. Failure, without
good cause, to comply with the arbitrator’s rules and orders shall be reported to the court
for its imposition of sanctions as provided in Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedures and Local Rule CR 11 of this court.
(12) Transcript or Recording. A party may cause a transcript or recording to be made of
the proceedings at its expense but shall, at the request of the opposing party, make a copy
available to any other party upon the payment by that party of the cost of the copy.
(13) Filing of Arbitrator’s Award. The arbitrator shall file his or her award with the clerk
promptly after the hearing. The clerk shall transmit copies of the award to all parties. The
award shall state clearly and concisely the name or names of the prevailing party or parties
and the party or parties against which it is rendered, and the precise amount of money and
other relief, if any, which is awarded. Unless otherwise required by the agreement to
arbitrate, the award need not disclose the facts or reasons in support of the award. The
award shall be in writing and signed by the arbitrator.
(14) Effect of Award. If the parties’ agreement to arbitrate did not waive trial de novo the
award shall be entered as the judgment of the court after the time has expired for
requesting a trial de novo. The judgment so entered shall be subject to the same
provisions of law and shall have the same force and effect as a judgment of the court in a
civil action, except that the judgment shall not be subject to review in any other court by
appeal or otherwise. If the parties’ agreement to arbitrate specified that trial de novo was
waived, the filing of the award shall be treated as a motion to confirm the award under 9
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U.S.C. § 9, which motion shall automatically be deemed granted unless a motion to
vacate, modify or correct the award for any of the grounds specified in 9 U.S.C. §§ 10 and
11 is served and filed within the time for requesting a trial de novo.
(15) Sealing of Award. The contents of any arbitration award shall not be made known to
any judge who might be assigned to the case:
(A) except as necessary for the court to determine whether to assess costs of attorney’s
fees;
(B) until the district court has entered final judgment in the action or the action has been
otherwise terminated; or
(C) except for purposes of preparing required reports.
(16) Trial De Novo.
(A) Time for Demand. Unless the agreement to arbitrate waived trial de novo, any party
may, within 30 days of the filing of the award, serve and file a written demand for trial de
novo. The case will then be treated for all purposes as if it had not been referred to
arbitration.
(B) The trial de novo shall be conducted as though no arbitration proceeding had
occurred. No reference shall be made to the arbitration award in any pleading, brief, or
other written or oral statement to the trial court or jury either before or during the trial,
nor, in a jury trial, shall the jury be informed that there has been an arbitration
proceeding.
(C) Testimony given during the arbitration proceeding is admissible in subsequent
proceedings by stipulation of the parties, or to the extent allowed by the Rules of
Evidence, but the testimony shall not be identified as having been given in an arbitration
proceeding.
(D) Costs and Attorney’s Fees. Following the trial de novo, the court may assess costs,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920, and reasonable attorney’s fees against a party demanding
the trial de novo if (i) that party fails to obtain a judgment more favorable to it than was
the arbitration award and (ii) the court determines that the party’s conduct in seeking a
trial de novo was in bad faith.
(17) Mediation under Rule 39.1(c). If the parties have participated in an arbitration
hearing under this rule they will not be required to participate in mediation under Rule
39.1(c). They may choose to participate in such mediation, however.
(e) Judicial Settlement Conferences
In any case, the court may appoint a settlement judge who may conduct a settlement conference
in such manner as that settlement judge may deem appropriate. Unless otherwise ordered by the
court, a judicial settlement conference will only be held in a case where the parties have already
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participated in mediation, but have been unable to reach a settlement.
(f) Other Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures
Upon application of the parties, the court may approve for use under this rule other ADR
procedures if the court concludes that such procedures appear reasonably calculated to further
the objectives of this rule. Such ADR procedures include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1) Early Neutral Evaluation. This is an ADR procedure whereby the parties shall select
a neutral from the register early in the case to provide an evaluation of the position of the
parties regarding liability and damages. The early neutral evaluation shall be conducted
according to procedures agreed to by the parties and determined by the neutral. The
parties and their attorneys must attend such proceedings.
(2) No Limitation on Use of ADR Alternatives. Nothing herein is intended to prevent the
parties from agreeing to use another dispute resolution alternative, subject to court
approval as required by this rule.
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