CAT

9 definitions found across Law Mind sources

CATAuthored
The Law Mind • 905 words
Definition
CAT carries two distinct legal meanings that share only the abbreviation. 1. Cat-o'-nine-tails (corporal punishment instrument). Historically, a flogging instrument consisting of nine lashes of whipcord fastened to a wooden handle, used to inflict corporal punishment on convicted criminals and, in earlier periods, naval personnel. The instrument was associated with whipping-post punishment in jurisdictions that retained it as a formal mode of criminal sanction. 2. Convention Against Torture. In modern legal usage, and especially in immigration and asylum law, CAT is the standard abbreviation for the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984). CAT protection provides a distinct basis for relief from removal, separate from asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act. A CAT claim requires showing that the applicant would more likely than not be tortured if returned to the proposed country of removal, with the torture carried out by or with the acquiescence of a public official. Unlike asylum, CAT protection is available regardless of the reason for the persecution and has no one-year filing deadline, but it does not lead to a path to lawful permanent residence — only deferral or withholding of removal.
Common Language
Modern common usage (Wiktionary): A domesticated feline; also a verb meaning to hoist an anchor, to flog with a cat-o'-nine-tails, or informally to vomit or go out at night. Historical common usage (Webster's 1913): A feline animal of genus Felis or Lynx; also a type of narrow-sterned vessel used in coal and timber trade. The ordinary-language and historical legal senses briefly overlapped: Webster's 1913 and historical legal dictionaries both recognize the instrument sense, with Wiktionary even preserving "to flog with a cat-o'-nine-tails" as a verb. The critical gap for legal researchers is that neither common source anticipates the dominant modern legal meaning — CAT as the Convention Against Torture — which is entirely a term of art in immigration and international human rights law and carries no connection to the feline or flogging senses.
Recognized Forms
/SUBTYPES Withholding of removal under CAT: A form of protection that is mandatory if the standard is met; the applicant cannot be removed to the designated country but is not placed in any lawful immigration status. Deferral of removal under CAT: Available to applicants who would otherwise be barred from withholding (e.g., on aggravated felony or persecutor grounds) but who establish the torture standard is met. Deferral is subject to periodic review and offers the least durable protection.
Why It Matters in Research
The abbreviation CAT is a significant trap in legal corpus research. Any search retrieving "CAT" across historical legal materials will surface exclusively the corporal punishment instrument — a now-obsolete punishment mechanism. The modern immigration law meaning does not appear in any of the historical legal dictionaries in the Law Mind corpus; researchers using those sources for immigration work must understand that CAT as a Convention term is a post-1984 development implemented in U.S. law through the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 and accompanying regulations. The corpus bifurcates cleanly: historical legal dictionaries = flogging instrument only; modern immigration materials = Convention Against Torture. For immigration researchers, the distinction between CAT withholding and CAT deferral matters acutely because the procedural posture and durability of relief differ. The acquiescence standard — whether government officials knew of or were willfully blind to torture by non-state actors — is a recurring analytical question in the encyclopedia and case law. Researchers should also note that CAT claims are non-discretionary once the standard is met, unlike asylum, which means they survive certain bars that defeat asylum applications. For researchers in criminal law history or legal history generally, the flogging instrument sense remains relevant to understanding pre-twentieth-century punishment practice and debates about corporal punishment in American and English law.
Historical Dictionary Support
Black's Law Dictionary (both the original and second edition) and Bouvier's agree precisely on the instrument definition: nine lashes of whipcord on a wooden handle, used for flogging criminals. Bouvier adds that it was "formerly resorted to in the navy" and notes the common informal name cat-o'-nine-tails, also cross-referencing the related Latin term catalla otiosa (dead goods). Burrill's Law Dictionary contributes nothing usable on this term — the retrieved passages appear to be indexing artifacts or fragments from unrelated entries. None of the historical sources anticipate or address the Convention Against Torture, which postdates all of them. The historical record is therefore complete on the punishment instrument and wholly silent on the modern legal term.
Jurisdictional Note
The cat-o'-nine-tails was associated primarily with English law and those American states that retained whipping-post punishment into the twentieth century (notably Delaware, which kept whipping-post punishment on the books until 1972). CAT as the Convention Against Torture applies in U.S. federal immigration proceedings; implementation and the acquiescence standard are governed by federal regulation.
Encyclopedia Cross-Reference
Convention Against Torture (CAT) — Protection, Acquiescence, and the Deferral vs. Withholding Distinction (Law Mind Immigration Law Encyclopedia)
Related Terms
Convention Against Torture | Withholding of removal | Deferral of removal | Asylum | Persecution | Acquiescence (CAT standard) | Corporal punishment | Whipping post | Catalla otiosa | Immigration and Nationality Act | Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act
CATmain
Black's Law Dictionary • 1891
An instrument with which crimi- nals are flogged. It consists of nine lashes of whip-cord, tied on to a wooden handle.
CATmain
Bouvier's Law Dictionary • 1928
A whip sometimes used for whip- ping criminals. It consists of nine lashes tied to a handle, and is frequently called cat-o-nine-tails. It is used where the whipping-post is retained as a mode of punishment and was formerly resorted to in the navy. CATALLA OTIOSA (Lat.). Dead goods, and animals other than beasts of the plow, averia caruce, and sheep. 3 Bla. Com. 9; Bract. 217 b.
CATmain
Burrill's Law Dictionary • 1867
(257) the union.) Id. 264. Applied also to an ordinary contract, as to a respondentia bond. Story, J. 4 Mason's R. 253.
CATn.
Websters Unabridged Dictionary (1913) • 1913
An animal of various species of the genera Felis and Lynx. The domestic cat is Felis domestica. The European wild cat (Felis catus) is much larger than the domestic cat. In the United States the name wild cat is commonly applied to the bay lynx (Lynx rufus) See Wild cat, and Tiger cat. A strong vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. It is employed in the coal and timber trade. A strong tackle used to draw an anchor up to the cathead of a ship. Totten. A double tripod (for holding a plate, etc.), having six feet, of which three rest on the ground, in whatever position in is placed. An old game; (a) The game of tipcat and the implement with which it is played. See Tipcat. (c) A game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, one old cat, two old cat, etc. A cat o' nine tails. See below. Angora cat, blind cat, See under Angora, Blind. -- Black cat the fisher. See under Black. -- Cat and dog, like a cat and dog; quarrelsome; inharmonius. "I am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it." Coleridge. -- Cat block (Naut.), a heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, part of the tackle used in drawing an anchor up to the cathead. -- Cat hook (Naut.), a strong hook attached to a cat block. -- Cat nap, a very short sleep. [Colloq.] -- Cat o' nine tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle; -- formerly used to flog offenders on the bare back. -- Cat's cradle, game played, esp. by children, with a string looped on the fingers so, as to resemble small cradle. The string is transferred from the fingers of one to those of another, at each transfer with a change of form. See Cratch, Cratch cradle. -- To let the cat out of the bag, to tell a secret, carelessly or willfully. [Colloq.] -- Bush cat, the serval. See Serval.
CATv.
Websters Unabridged Dictionary (1913) • 1913
To bring to the cathead; as, to cat an anchor. See Anchor. Totten.
Catnoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
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A Catalina flying boat.
CATnoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
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Acronym of Central Atlas Tamazight. | Acronym of computer-adaptive test. | Acronym of common admission test. | Acronym of civil air transport. | Acronym of clear-air turbulence. | Acronym of computed axial tomography. | Acronym of career aptitude test. | Acronym of computer-assisted/aided translation. | Acronym of credit authorization terminal. | Acronym of citizenship advancement training. | Acronym of computer-aided transceiver. | Acronym of cosmic anisotropy telescope. | Acronym of coital alignment technique. | Acronym of conidial anastomosis tube. | Acronym of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. | Acronym of crisis assessment team. | Acronym of Consumer Acceptance of Technology.
catverb
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
Extracted and formatted for display by Law Mind. Source link opens the current Wiktionary page and its contributor history; it is not a frozen copy of this extract.
To hoist (an anchor) by its ring so that it hangs at the cathead. | To flog with a cat-o'-nine-tails. | To vomit. | To go wandering at night. | To gossip in a catty manner.

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