whom it lawfully operates, as an act of Parliament has upon the subjects at large." 1 2. A rule or law of a corporation for its own government. An act of legislation; therefore the formalities required by the charter for its passage must be observed. It may be in the form of a "resolution," although that is not necessarily a by-law.2 By-laws are the orders and regulations which a corporation, as one of its legal incidents, has power to make, and which is usually exercised to regulate its own action and concerns and the rights and duties of its members among themselves. See CHARTER, 2; ORDINANCE, 1. See COMMERCE; TELEGRAPH. The act of Congress approved February 29, 1888 (25 St. L. 41), entitled an act to carry into effect the International Convention of March 14, 1884, for the protection of submarine cables, provides: "Section 1. That any person who shall willfully and wrongfully break or injure, or attempt to break or injure, or who shall in any manner procure, counsel, aid, abet, or be accessory to such breaking or injury, or attempt to break or injure, a submarine cable, in such manner as to interrupt or embarrass, in whole or in part, telegraphic communication, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or to both fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court." "Sec. 2. That any person who by culpable negli3. As an abbreviation, may also denote gence shall break or injure a submarine cable in such case, chancellor, chancery, chief, circuit, civil, code, commissioner, common, counsel, court, criminal, crown: C. A. Chancery appeals; court of appeals. C. A. V. Curia advisari vult. The court wishes to consider the matter. See further CURIA, Advisari, etc. C. B. Chief baron; common bench. C. C. Cepi corpus; chief commissioner; circuit, city, or county court; chancery, civil, criminal, or crown cases; civil code. C. C. J. Circuit, city, or county court judge. C. C. P. Code of civil procedure: court of common pleas. C. D. Commissioners' (patent) decisions. C. J. Chief justice; circuit judge. C. J. B. Chief judge in bankruptcy. C. L. Civil law; common law.