(555) hynd, hund, a hundred; L. Lat. twelfhindi.] The highest order of persons under the Saxon government, who were valued or rated at twelve hundred shillings. Cowell. TWELVE-MONTH, in the singular number, includes all the year; but twelve months are to be computed according to twenty-eight days for every month. 6 Co. 62. See Month. Lat. Where, (in quo loco.) An adverb of place. Calv. Lex. Where, in the sense of when, (quando ;) expressive of circumstance. See the maxims infra. Ubi aliquid conceditur, conceditur et id sine quo res ipsa esse non potest. Where any. thing is granted, that also is granted without which the thing cannot exist. Broom's Max. [364.] Ubi aliquid impeditur propter unum, co remoto, tollitur impedimentum. Where any thing is impeded by one single cause, if that be removed, the impediment is removed. Branch's Pr. citing 5 Co. 77 a, Paget's case. This maxim in the passage referred to reads, Cum aliquid, &c. Ubi cessat remedium ordinarium, ibi decurritur ad extraordinarium. Where the ordinary remedy fails, recourse must be had to an extraordinary one. 4 Co. 92 b, Slade's case. Broom's Ubi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus. Where the reason is the same, there the law is the same. 7 Co. 18 b, Calvin's case. Like reason doth make like law. Co. Litt. 10 a. Max. 64, [114, 115.] Where the reason of a rule established in one case is found to apply to another case, the same rule will be established in the latter. See Id. 65, 66. The older and fuller form of this maxim was, Ubi eadem est ratio, ibi idem jus erit. Fleta, lib. 3, c. 16, § 34. Another form was, Ubi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus esse debet. Where the same reason is, there the same law ought to be. Yearb. M. 19 Hen. VI. 38. Ubi culpa est, ibi pæna subesse debet. Where the crime is committed, there ought the punishment to be undergone. Jenk. Cent. 325. Ubi damna dantur, victus victori in expensis condemnari debet. Where damages are given, the vanquished party ought to be condemned in costs to the victor. 2 Inst. 289. Ubi factum nullum, ibi fortia nulla. (556) Where there is no positive law, [applicable to a case,] it must rest in the discretion of the judge, or it must be determined by the principles of similar cases. Ellesm. Postn. 41. Branch's Pr. Where there is no fact, there can be no force; where there is no principal fact or act done, there can be no accessory act. 4 Co. 42 b, Syer's case. The significance of this maxim turns upon the technical meaning of the words factum and fortia in the old law. See Factum, Fortia. The maxim itself appears to have been taken from Bracton. Ubi factum, ibi poterit esse forcia quandoquè, sed nunquam forcia sine facto. Bract. fol. 128. In Branch's Principia, fortia has been converted into sortia, and the maxim translated, "Where there is no deed committed, there can be no conseto the world. 4 Co. 16 b. This seems quences;" and the error and translation to be an application of the text, Romans, have both been followed in Wharton's iv. 15. Lexicon. Ubi jus, ibi remedium. Where there is a right, there is a remedy; where the law gives a right, it gives a remedy for the recovery of such right.* Broom's Max. 91, [146.] There is no wrong without a remedy. Id. ibid. If a man has a right, he must have a means to vindicate and maintain it, and a remedy, if he is injured in the exercise and enjoyment of it; and indeed it is a vain thing to imagine a right without a remedy, for want of right and want of remedy are reciprocal. Holt, C. J. 2 Ld. Raym. 953. If the law confer a right, it will also confer a remedy. Lord Kenyon, C. J. 1 East, 220. This maxim has been considered so valuable, that it gave occasion for the first invention of that form of action called an action on the case. Broom's Max. ub. sup. Ubi lex aliquem cogit ostendere causam, necesse est quod causa sit justa et legitima. Where the law compels a man to show cause, it is necessary that the cause be just and lawful. 2 Inst. 289. Ubi lex est specialis, et ratio ejus generalis; generaliter accipienda est. Where a law is special, but the reason of it general, it is to be taken generally. 2 Inst. 43. Ubi lex non distinguit, nec nos distinguere debemus. Where the law does not distinguish, neither ought we to distinguish. 7 Co. 5 b, Calvin's case. Holt, C. J. 12 Mod. 293. Ubi major pars est, ibi totum. Where the greater part is, there the whole is. Moor, 578. Ubi major pars, ibi tota. In corporations, the majority governs. 10 Mod. 75. Ubi non est condendi auctoritas, ibi non est parendi necessitas. Where there is no authority for establishing a rule, there is no necessity of obeying it. Davies' R. 69. Ubi non est lex, ibi non est transgressio, quoad mundum. Where there is no law, there is no transgression, as far as relates Ubi non est principalis, non potest esse accessorius. Where there is no principal there can be no accessory. 4 Co. 43 b, Syer's case. Ubi nulla est conjectura quæ ducat alio, verba intelligenda sunt ex proprietate non grammatica, sed populari cx usu. Where there is nothing to call for a different construction, [the] words [of an instrument] are to be understood, not according to their strict grammatical meaning, but according to their popular and ordinary sense. Grotius de Jure Belli ac Pacis, lib. 2, c. 16, §2. Mr. Duer observes, in reference to this maxim, that the term conjectura is constantly used by Grotius, as denoting the collection of the intent by other means than the sole explanation of the words. That is, it denotes construction, as distinguished from mere interpretation. 1 Duer on Ins. 215. The words of Grotius are, Sinulla sit conjectura quæ ducat aliò, verba intelligenda sunt ex proprietate, non grammatica quæ est ex origine, sed populari ex usu. Ubi nullum matrimonium, ibi nulla dos. Where there is no marriage, there is no dower. Bract. fol. 92. 2 Bl. Com. 130. The converse rule is also given by Bracton: Ubi matrimonium, ibi dos. Where there is marriage, there is dower. Id. ibid. In Branch's Principia, this maxim is erroneously and ungrammatically made to read nullum dos, and the error has been copied by several authors who have cited it. The maxim seems to have been borrowed (though with a different sense attached to the word dos,) from that of the civil law: Ubicunque matrimonii nomen non est, nec dos est. Dig. 23. 3. 3. Ubi pugnantia inter se in testamento juberentur, neutrum ratum est. Where repugUbi non est directa lex, standum est arbitrio judicis, vel procedendum ad similia.nant or inconsistent directions are con-