(1215) commissioners are also empowered to stamp any instrument, without payment of a penalty, within twelve months after its execution. Under this provision, the practice of the commissioners is to stamp simple agreements, &c., within a fortnight, and deeds and instruments bearing an ad valorem duty within two months after execution, without penalty, as a matter of course. ? 10. Where a document unstamped or insufficiently stamped is produced in a judicial proceeding, it may be received in evidence on payment to the officer of the court of the unpaid duty, the penalty, and a further sum of £1. Stamp Act, 1870, 22 15, 16. STANCE.-In the Scotch law, a resting place; a field or place adjoining a droveroad, for resting and refreshing sheep and cattle on their journey. 7 Bell Ap. Cas. 53-58. STAND COMMITTED, (in order of court). 103 STAND, KEEPING A, (what is not). 8 East Mass. 57. 336. STAND SECURITY FOR THE PAYMENT, (indorsed by the obligee upon a bond). 16 Serg. & R. (Pa.) 79. STAND SEIZED, (covenant to). 12 Mass. 96; 2 Hill (N. Y.) 659; Burr. 1445; 1 Chit. Gen. Pr. 324. (1216) of a State, such as the separate organizaforeign State may have property within tions which collectively make up the the jurisdiction of the American courts. United States of America, or to governments, such as those of Monaco, San Marino and Andorra, which are under the protection or control of other States; hence a "State," in the ordinary and proper sense of the word, is described as an independent or sovereign State. As to the criteria of a State, see 2 Fish. Dig. 4093 et seq. This rule is subject to two apparent excерtions: (1) that if proceedings are taken by ⚫ A. against B. in the American courts in respect of property in which a foreign State claims or is believed to have an interest, it may be made a party to those proceedings as defendant to enable it to come forward and sustain its claim; here, however, it is obvious that the foreign 2. Every State consists of two parts, State, though in form a defendant, is really the sovereign part and the subject part. a plaintiff; (2) that if a foreign State takes In its external relations or dealings with proceedings in an American court against other States the sovereign part, or a branch a private individual, the defendant can inof it, represents the State. The relations stitute a cross-action or set up a set-off or counter-claim against the plaintiff as if the foreign State were a private person. 4. "State" - "Estate." - "State," in the old books, sometimes stands for "estate." Co. Litt. 206 b. STATE, (what constitutes). 2 Car. & P. 223. (Cherokee nation of Indians is not). 5 Pet. (U. S.) 21. (in United States constitution). 7 Wall. (U. S.) 700; R. M. Charlt. (Ga.) 374. (in act for the government of seamen in the merchant service). Deady (U. S.) 118. (in statute prohibiting lotteries). 4 between independent States are governed by what is called "international law" (q.v.) In its internal relations, that part of the sovereign government of a State which is entrusted with the executive power enforces the law dealing with the relations between it and the subject members of the State. It is, therefore, considered as representing the whole State, and hence the term "State" is frequently used in the sense of "executive power in a State," as when we say that the public law deals (among other things) with the relations between the State and the private members of the community. (See LAW, 86.) As the State has the power of enforcing the law, it cannot be subject to legal duties, for otherwise it would have to enforce the law against itself. As to the subject of States generally, see Austin's and Holland's works! on Jurisprudence, passim. See ACT OF is to submit to the master a scheme, called a STATE; PETITION OF RIGHT. 23. Claims against foreign States. - It has been already mentioned that the relations between independent States are governed by international law, the nature of which is explained under that title. As one State cannot enforce a claim against another by legal procedure, it follows that no member of any State can enforce a claim against another State by legal proceedings in any court of justice external to the latter State. Therefore, if a foreign State borrows money from an American citizen, or commits what in the case of a private individual would be a tort against an American citizen, no proceedings can be taken in the American courts to enforce the claim thus arising, even although the ! Conn. 445. STATE, ABSENT FROM THE, (in a statute). 8 Ala. 386. STATE, CITIZEN OF A, (in United States constitution). 2 Cranch (U. S.) 445. STATE, FOREIGN, (in United States constitution). 5 Pet. (U. S.) 1.