SESSION

8 definitions found across Law Mind sources

SESSIONAuthored
The Law Mind • 1311 words
Definition
A session is the period during which a deliberative or judicial body — a legislature, court, council, commission, or similar assembly — is formally convened and engaged in the transaction of its official business. The term carries two distinct temporal meanings that courts and researchers must keep separate: 1. Narrow sense (daily sitting): The specific period within a single day during which the body is assembled and actively conducting business. A court may hold a morning session and an afternoon session within the same calendar day. 2. Broad sense (full term): The entire continuous span from a body's first convening to its formal adjournment, prorogation, or sine die adjournment. Under this usage, a legislative session encompasses all sittings between opening day and final adjournment, however many weeks or months that spans. Similarly, a court's session runs from the day appointed by law until the court finally rises. For legislatures, the broad sense dominates. A congressional session commences on the day fixed by the Constitution and ends with final adjournment before the next session begins. For courts, both senses appear: a "session" may refer to a single sitting or to a full term, depending on context. The plural — sessions — appears frequently in older legal writing and in specific institutional names (e.g., Quarter Sessions, Court of Sessions) where it functions as a term of art rather than simply the plural of session.
Common Language
Modern common usage (Wiktionary): A period of time devoted to a particular activity; an official meeting or term of a council, court, or other body to conduct its business; also, in computing, the sequence of interactions between a client and server during a connected period. Historical common usage (Webster's 1913): The actual sitting of a court, council, or legislature for the transaction of business; also, archaically, the act of sitting or state of being seated (as in theological usage — "his session at the right hand of God"). The gap matters because in ordinary modern English, "session" suggests a single meeting or period of activity with a defined start and end (a recording session, a therapy session). In legal usage, a session can simultaneously describe a single day's sitting and an entire multi-month legislative or judicial term. Researchers reading historical sources must determine from context which temporal scope is meant, since the same document may use "session" in both senses within a few paragraphs.
Recognized Forms
/SUBTYPES Special session (also called extraordinary session): A session convened outside the regular schedule, typically by executive call, to address specific matters. Powers are often limited to the subject matter specified in the convening proclamation. Regular session: The standard convening of a legislature or court at times fixed by constitution, statute, or court rule. Joint session: A formal meeting of two legislative chambers assembled together, as when Congress convenes to count electoral votes or receive an address. Executive session: A session, or portion of a session, closed to the public. Appears in both legislative (Senate confirmation proceedings) and administrative contexts. Quarter Sessions: A historical English institution — courts held four times per year by justices of the peace — whose name derived directly from the term. Imported into American colonial practice and carried forward in several states well into the nineteenth century. Court of Session: The supreme civil court of Scotland, established in 1532. Researchers encountering this phrase in British legal sources should not read it as a generic descriptor but as a proper institutional name.
Why It Matters in Research
The dual temporal meaning of session creates interpretive traps throughout historical legal sources. A statute limiting certain actions to "the current session" may mean only the active sitting day or the entire legislative term — and the answer changes the legal consequence entirely. When reading nineteenth-century court records or legislative journals, confirm which sense the drafter intended before drawing conclusions about timing or jurisdiction. Prorogation versus adjournment sine die: Historical British and colonial sources distinguish sharply between a prorogation (which suspends a session but does not end it — pending business survives under some frameworks) and an adjournment sine die (which terminates a session completely, killing unpassed legislation). American practice generally treats adjournment sine die as session-ending, but researchers working in colonial or early state records should not assume this equivalence. Quarter Sessions research: For researchers working in English legal history or early American jurisdictions, "sessions" almost always points to Quarter Sessions courts — criminal and administrative tribunals of justices of the peace. These are not generic court sittings; they are a specific institutional form with their own records, procedures, and jurisdictional limits. Confusing "sessions records" with general court records will send a researcher to the wrong archive. Legislative session indexing: Statutes are frequently indexed by session year rather than calendar year. A law passed in the "1847 session" may have been enacted in late 1846 or early 1848 depending on when that session ran. Verify session dates before citing a statute's passage date. Corpus connections: Session links directly to terms governing legislative procedure (adjournment, prorogation, recess), to court administration concepts (term, sitting, continuance), and to the institutional histories of specific courts (Quarter Sessions, Court of Session, Courts of Oyer and Terminer).
Historical Dictionary Support
The historical dictionaries converge on the core meaning without significant disagreement: a session is the sitting of a body for business, measured either by the day or by the full span to adjournment. Black's (both editions) offers the clearest structural account, explicitly distinguishing the narrow daily-sitting meaning from the broader span-to-adjournment meaning. This dual framing is the most practically useful formulation and is not explicitly made in all sources. Bouvier's adds the legislative focus most clearly, specifying that a congressional session runs from the constitutionally appointed opening day to final adjournment before the next session, and that a court's session runs from the day appointed by law until the court finally rises. Bouvier's formulation is particularly useful for distinguishing session from term in legislative contexts. Burrill's emphasizes the judicial usage most heavily and notes the frequency of the plural form "sessions" — a useful flag for researchers encountering that form in older materials. Burrill also provides the institutional identification of Court of Session as Scotland's supreme civil tribunal, information absent from most American dictionaries. Anderson's aligns with Black's dual definition and confirms that "session" and "term" were used interchangeably in many American court contexts — a source of confusion in historical records where the words appear to mean the same thing but technically may not. What the historical sources largely omit: the distinction between regular and special sessions, the specific legal consequences that attach to session boundaries (death of pending legislation, effect on executive vetoes, tolling of certain deadlines), and any treatment of executive sessions. These gaps are significant for researchers working with legislative history or administrative records.
Jurisdictional Note
Legislative session length and structure vary considerably by jurisdiction. The U.S. Congress operates in two-year Congresses, each divided into annual sessions; many state legislatures operate under constitutional limits on session length that have no federal counterpart. In some states, session boundaries trigger automatic consequences for pending legislation and gubernatorial action deadlines that differ substantially from federal practice.
Encyclopedia Cross-Reference
See Law Mind Encyclopedia — Legislative Process (for session boundaries, adjournment, and their effect on pending legislation); Courts and Court Systems (for judicial sessions and terms); Justices of the Peace (for Quarter Sessions history and jurisdiction).
Related Terms
Term (of court) — Sitting — Adjournment — Adjournment sine die — Prorogation — Recess — Quarter Sessions — Court of Session — Legislature — Convene — Special session — Joint session — Executive session — Legislative calendar — Continuance
SESSIONmain
Black's Law Dictionary • 1891
The sitting of a court, legis- lature, council, commission, etc., for the transaction of its proper business. Hence, the period of time, within any one day, dur- ing which such body is assembled in form, and engaged in the transaction of business, or, in a more extended sense, the whole space of time from its first assembling to its pro- rogation or adjournment sine die. SESSION, COURT OF. The supreme civil court of Scotland, instituted A. D. 1532, consisting of thirteen (formerly fifteen) judges, viz., the lord president, the lord jus- tice clerk, and eleven ordinary lords. SESSION, GREAT, OF WALES. A court which was abolished by St. 1 Wm. IV. c. 70. The proceedings now issue out of the courts at Westminster, and two of the judges of the superior courts hold the circuits in Wales and Cheshire, as in other English counties. Wharton.
SESSIONmain
Black's Law Dictionary (2nd Ed.) • 1910
Servitus est constitutio jure gentium qua quis domino alicno contra naturam subjicitur. Slavery is an institution by the law of nations, by which a man is subjected to the dominion of another, contrary to nature. Inst. 1, 3, 2; Co. Litt. 116. The sitting of a court, legislature, council, commission, etc., for the transaction of its proper business. Hence, the period of time, within any one day, during which such body is assembled in form, and engaged in the transaction of business, or, in a more extended sense, the whole space of time from its first assembling to its prorogation or adjournment sine die. ynon . Strictly speaking, the word “‘session,’”’ as applied to a court of justice. is not synonymous with the word “term.” The “session” of a court is the time during which it actually sits for the transaction of judicial business, and hence terminates each day with the rising of the court. A “term” of court is the period fixed by law, usually embracin many days or weeks, during which it sha be open for the transaction of judicial business and during which it may hold sessions from day to day. But this distinction is not alw observed, many authorities using the two wo See Lipari v. State. 19 Tex. App. 433: Stefani v. State, 124 Ind. 8, 24 . BE. 254; Mansfield v. Mutual Ben. L. Ins. Co., 63 Conn. 579, 29 Atl. 187; Heim v. Brammer, 145 Ind. 605, 44 N. E. 638; Cresap v. Cresap, 54 W. Va. 581. 46 S. E. 582; U. &. v. Dietrich (C. C.) 126 Fed. 660. —Court of session. The supreme civil court of Scotland, instituted A. D. 1532, consisting of thirteen (formerly fifteen) judges, viz.. the lord president, the lord justice clerk, and eleven ordinary lords.—General sessions. A court of record, in England. held by two or more justices of the peace, for the execution of the authority given them by the commission the peaee and certain statutes. General sessions held at certain times in the four quar ters of the year pursuant to St. 2 Hen. V. are properly called “quarter sessions,” (gq. v.,) but intermediate general sessions may also be held. Sweet.—Great session of Wales. A court which was abolished by St. 1 Wm. IV. ec. 70. The proceedings now issue out of the courts at Westminster, and tevo of the ju of the superior courts hold the circuits iG ales and Cheshire, as in other English counties. Wharton.—Joint session. In parliamentary prac tice, a meeting together and commingling of the two houses of a legislative body, sitti and acting borer as one body, instead o A tax, rate, or separately in their respective houses. Snow v. Hudson, 56 Kan. 378, 43 Pac. 262.—Petty sessions. In English law. <A special or pe session is sometimes kept in corporations an counties at large by a few justices, for dispatching smaller business in the neighborhood between the times of the general sessions: as for licensing alehouses, passing the accounts of the parish officers, etc. Brown. sessions. See that Gieapeyee devant sessica. An ordinary, general, or stated session, (as of a legislative body.) as distinguished from a special or extra session.—Session laws. The name commonly given to the body of laws enacted by a state legislature at one of its annual or biennial sessions. So called to distinguish them from the “compiled laws’’ or “revised statutes” of the state—Session of the peace, in English law, is a sitting of -jJustices of the peace for the exercise of their powers. There are four kinds,—petty, special, arter, and general sessions.—Sessional orers. Certain resolutions which are agreed to by both houses at the commencement of every session of. the English parliament, and have relation to the business and convenience thereof; but they are not intended to continue in force beyond the session in which they are avon: They are petncipally of use as directing the order of business. Brown.—Sessions, A sitting of justices in court upon their commission, or by virtue of their appointment, aDd most commonly for the trial of . ¢crimina] cases. The title of several courts in England and the United States, chiefly those of criminal jurisdiction. Burrill—Special sessions. In English law. A meeting of two or more justices of the peace held for a special purpose, (such as the licensing of alehouses,) either as mequited by statute or when specially convoked, which can only be convened after notice to all the other magistrates of the division, to give them an opportunity of attending. Stone, J. Pr. 52, 55.
SESSIONmain
Rapalje & Lawrence • 1888
-An open, visible occupancy as distinguished from the constructive one which follows the legal title. ACTUM.-A deed; something done in writing, as distinguished from gestum, a thing done without writing. ACTUS.-An act or action (q. v.), principally used in such phrases asActus curiæ neminem gravabit: An act of the court prejudices no one. Actus Dei vel legis nemini facit injuriam: An act of God or of the law does injury to no one. Actus me invito factus, non est ACTUAL OCCUPANT, (in statute relative to meus actus: An act done by me against my ejectment). 11 Abb. (N. Y.) Pr. 101. ACTUAL OOSTER, (defined). 45 Iowa 285. BEARER, (in law of commercial paper). 5 Abb. (N. Y.) Pr. N. S. 11; 2 Hill (N. Y.) 606; 36 How. (N. Y.) Pr. 190; 3 Keyes (N. Y.) 365. (bonds payable to). 4 Dowl. &. Ry. 641. (note payable to). 1 Johns. (N. Y.) 143; 3 Id. 439; 5 Wend. (N. Y.) 411; 2 Barn. & Ad. 385; 1 Campb. 175; 2 Nev. & M. 453. BEARER OF A CHALLENGE, (in statute against duelling). South. (N. J.) 49. BEARER OR ORDER, (note without the words). 9 Johns. (N. Y.) 217; 6 T. R. 123. BEARERS.-In old English law, those who bore down upon, or oppressed others.- Cowell; Jacob. BEARERS, (in an indictment). 8 Mass. 59. BEARING AND PROVIDING ARMS, (in statute). 8 Mod. 17.
SESSIONn.
Websters Unabridged Dictionary (1913) • 1913
The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. [Archaic] So much his ascension into heaven and his session at the right hand of God do import. Hooker. But Viven, gathering somewhat of his mood, . . . Leaped from her session on his lap, and stood. Tennyson. The actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, etc., or the actual assembly of the members of such a body, for the transaction of business. It's fit this royal session do proceed. Shak. Hence, also, the time, period, or term during which a court, council, legislature, etc., meets daily for business; or, the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment; thus, a session of Parliaments is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorogation. The session of a judicial court is called a term. It was resolved that the convocation should meet at the beginning of the next session of Parliament. Macaulay.
sessionnoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
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A period of time devoted to a particular activity. | An official meeting or term of a council, court, or other body to conduct its business; e.g. the annual or semiannual periods of a legislature (that together comprise the legislative term), whose individual meetings are also called sessions. | The sequence of interactions between client and server, or between user and system; the period during which a user is logged in or connected. | Any of the three scheduled two-hour playing sessions, from the start of play to lunch, from lunch to tea and from tea to the close of play. | The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. | Ellipsis of jam session, used in isolate particularly for folk music. | An academic term; semester; school year. | An extended period of drinking, typically consuming beer with low alcohol content. | The ruling body of a congregation, consisting of the pastor and elders.
sessionverb
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
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To hold or participate in a jam session with other musicians.
Sessionname
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
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A surname.

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