Whether the word includes a horse or street rail- وو "Railroad" and "railway are as nearly exact synonyms as any two words in the language.2 May refer to the road-bed and track, with the superstructure - all that forms part of the completed road.3 A charter authorizing the construction of a road with one or more tracks, with warehouses, works, and other appendages for the convenient use of the road, confers the right to construct sidings, turnouts, stations, engine-houses, and all other works and appendages usual in the convenient operation of a road.4 Switches and side-tracks are essential to the use of "a road." Power to construct them need not be expressed in words; and the spot where they shall be located rests in the discretion of the company. There is no rule of law to restrict railroad companies as to the curves it shall use in its stations and yards, where the safety of passengers and of the public is not involved. The engineering 'question as to the curves proper in such places is not a question to be left to a jury to determine. "Railroad" ex vi termini includes sidings, branches, and like accessories."? "Road" or "railroad" will include the principal road and all adjuncts. For the purpose of constructing a "railway" the company may construct such stations and other works as it deems proper. The right to construct sidings to private establishments may be granted by the legislature, because therewith the public interests are subserved. 10 An extension of the main line may be a "branch.ווי A "branch" is a section of a road. It may be an offshoot from the main road, or a direct extension from the terminus. The necessity for such branches, and their direction, rests in the judgment of the officers of the company. 12 1 Cook v. Johnson, 47 Conn. 177 (1879). 2 State v. Brin, 30 Minn. 524 (1883). 3 Beardsley v. Ontario Bank, 31 Barb. 624 (1859). Philad'a, W. & B. R. Co. v. Williams, 54 Pa. 103 (1867). * Cleveland & Pittsburgh R. Co. v. Speer, 56 Pa. 335 (1867). See also Pfaff v. Terre Haute, &c. R. Co., 108 Ind. 144 (1886), as to the meaning of "track." Tuttle v. Detroit, &c. R. Co., 122 U. S. 189 (1887). Black v. Philadelphia & R. R. Co., 58 Pa. 252 (1868). St. John v. Erie R. Co., 22 Wall. 148 (1874). Lake Superior, &c. R. Co. v. United States, 12 Ct. Cl. 54 (1876): 93 U. S. 442; United States v. Chaplin, 31 F. R. 895 (1887). As to incidents, see 25 Am. Law Reg. 648-51 (1886), cases. 10 Getz's Appeal, 10 W. N. C. 453 (1881). pends upon the context and intent. In a general law authorizing consolidation of roads, held to include narrow-gauge roads and horse or street roads.1 "Road," referring to a street railway, is not a tech. nical word, requiring explanation by experts. Under a contract that "the road, rolling and live stock" of a company should be exempt from taxation, stables, shops, and like conveniences were held not exempt.2 "Railroad " frequently means "railroad pany." 3 comMay mean all the land, not exceeding a certain amount in width, taken and included in the locationthe surface of the land within the limits of the location. The "road-bed" is the bed or foundation upon which the superstructure of the railroad rests. The "roadway" includes all that and whatever ground the company is allowed on which to construct its roadbed and lay its track. As applied to common roads, the two words ordinarily mean the same thing." The track on which the steam-cars now transport the traveler or his property is called a road, sometimes, perhaps generally, a railroad. The term "road" is applied to it because in some sense it is used for the same purpose that roads had been used. But until the thing was made and seen no imagination could have pictured it from any previous use of the word road. So the inclosure in which the passengers travel is less like a "coach" than several other vehicles rarely if ever called coaches. It does not, therefore, follow that when a word was used in a statute or a contract seventy years since, it must be held to include everything to which the same word is applied at the present day. The structure over a stream for a railroad is called a "bridge," yet it is not like the bridge of olden time." When, in an act of Congress, a railroad is referred to in its character as a road, as a permanent structure, and designated and required to be a public highway, the term "railroad" cannot be extended to embrace the rolling stock or other personalty of the company. The reference in such case is to the immovable structure stretching across the country, graded and railed for the use of the locomotive and its train of cars. That such road shall be a "public highway," "for the use of the government, free of toll," etc., means that the road shall be open to the use of the public with their own vehicles, and that the government shall have 1 Hestonville, &c. R. Co. v. Philadelphia, 89 Pa. 219 20 (1879); Chicago v. Evans, 24 Ill. 55 (1860); Johnson v. Louisville, &c. R. Co., 10 Bush, 232 (1874); 2 Duv. 175. 2 Atlanta Street R'y Co. v. Atlanta, 66 Ga. 1