(373) paramount titles. Of this class are all deeds given by public officers, such as administrators, sheriffs, &c. who covenant only for the regularity of their own proceedings. 2 Hilliard's Real Prop. 302. Το QUIT-CLAIM. [L. Lat. quietè clamare, quietum clamare.] In conveyancing. To release or relinquish a claim; to execute a deed of quit-claim. See Quitclaim. (374) . efficitur. What otherwise is good and action of trespass, in which the matter just, if it be sought by force and fraud, complained of was required to be posibecomes bad and unjust. 3 Co. 78 a, Fermor's case. "The common law doth so abhor fraud and covin, that all acts, as well judicial as others, and which of themselves are just and lawful, yet being mixed with fraud and deceit, are, in judgment of law, wrongful and unlawful." Id. ibid. See 1 Story's Eq. Jur. § 239. Quod alias non fuit licitum, necessitas licitum facit. What otherwise was not lawful, necessity makes lawful. Fleta, lib. 5, c. 23, § 14. Quod approbo non reprobo. What I approve, I do not reject; I cannot approve and reject (Scotticè, approbate and reprobate) at the same time; I cannot take the benefit of an instrument, and at the same time repudiate it. Broom's Max. [558.] See Approbate and reprobate. Quod constat clare non debet verificari. What appears clearly ought not to be verified, [averred, i. e. proved.] Hardr. 81, arg. 10 Mod. 150. Quod constat curiæ, opere testium non indiget. That which appears to the court, needs not the aid of witnesses. 2 Inst. 662. Quod contra legem fit, pro infecto habetur. That which is done against law, is regarded as not done at all. 4 Co. 31 a, French's case. tively averred without recital; and the rule is still the same in regard to the English "Whereas." Steph. Pl. 388. 16 Mees. & W. 36. Quod cum, however, was sometimes held to amount to an affirmative allegation. Plowd. 128. (375) occurrence in the old reports, denoting that What necessity compels, it justifies. 1 an argument or point made by a counsel Hale's P. C. 54. or judge, was acquiesced in, approved or allowed by the court. Yearb. M. 1 Hen. (376) Reg. Orig. 155 b, 156. It was also a latores. What happens once or twice, remedy for the enforcement of other privileges. Id. 155. (377) Quod subintelligitur non deest. What is Whence the persons so named were usually understood is not wanting. 2 Ld. Raym. 832. Quod tacite intelligitur deesse non videtur. What is tacitly understood is not considered to be wanting. 4 Co. 22 a. Quod voluit non dixit. What he intended he did not say, or express. He may have intended so, but he did not say it. An answer sometimes made in overruling an argument that the law-maker or testator meant so and so. 1 Kent's Com. 468, note. 4 M. & S. 522, arg. If a will be uncertain or unintelligible on its face, it is as if no will had been made. Kent, C. 1 Johns. Ch. R. 235.