QUAKER

8 definitions found across Law Mind sources

QUAKERAuthored
The Law Mind • 766 words
Definition
A member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian denomination founded by George Fox in England around 1650. In English law, "Quaker" became both the popular and the statutory designation for members of this sect, who referred to themselves as "Friends." The legal significance of the term arose from a body of parliamentary legislation — most notably the Toleration Act of 1689 and subsequent statutes — that granted Quakers specific exemptions and accommodations, particularly regarding the taking of oaths. Because Quaker doctrine prohibited swearing oaths on religious grounds, English law eventually permitted Quakers to substitute a solemn affirmation in place of the oath otherwise required in judicial and civil proceedings.
Common Language
Modern common usage (Wiktionary): A believer of the Quaker faith and a member of the Society of Friends, known for their pacifist views. Historical common usage (Webster's 1913): One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, about 1650 — the members of which call themselves Friends. They were called Quakers, originally, in derision. The gap between common and legal meaning here is functional rather than definitional. In ordinary usage, "Quaker" is simply a denominational label. In legal sources, the word carries a technical weight: it triggers a specific statutory regime governing oath substitution, conscientious objection, and civil registration. A researcher encountering "Quaker" in a historical legal document should not read it as mere religious description but as a term of legal consequence activating particular procedural rights and disabilities.
Why It Matters in Research
Researchers working in English legal history will encounter "Quaker" most often in the context of affirmation statutes and oath jurisprudence. The Quaker Affirmation Acts — beginning in the late seventeenth century and consolidated through the nineteenth — created a parallel evidentiary framework that affected the competency of Quaker witnesses and the validity of Quaker testimony in court. A witness identified as a Quaker in historical records may have testified by affirmation rather than oath, and the distinction could affect how their evidence was treated or challenged. The term also appears in contexts involving military exemption (conscientious objector status traces significant legal lineage to Quaker exemptions), marriage registration (Quaker marriages were recognized under distinct statutory rules in England), and poor law administration. In American colonial and early federal sources, Quaker legal accommodations vary considerably by colony and state — Pennsylvania presents a particularly rich corpus given its Quaker founding history. One navigational trap: Rapalje & Lawrence does not contain a substantive entry for "Quaker" — the apparent entry in that source is a formatting artifact placing an unrelated Latin maxim fragment adjacent to the term. Researchers should not rely on Rapalje & Lawrence for this term. In American constitutional research, Quaker practice is historically relevant to First Amendment free exercise doctrine and the development of conscientious objector exemptions, though the constitutional dimension is broader than the denomination itself.
Historical Dictionary Support
Both editions of Black's Law Dictionary offer nearly identical, minimal definitions: Quaker is described as the statutory and popular English name for a member of the Religious Society of Friends. The entries are notable for what they omit. Neither Black's edition explains the legal consequences that made the term worth defining — the affirmation substitution, the oath disability, the specific parliamentary acts. The definitions function as identifiers rather than analyses. Webster's 1913 adds useful historical texture, noting that the name "Quaker" originated as a term of derision and that the trembling observed in early meetings contributed to the designation. This historical stigma is relevant context: early English statutes did not always treat Quaker religious status as a neutral descriptor, and the evolution from penal exposure to statutory accommodation tracks a significant arc in English religious liberty. No source in the current corpus provides a substantive treatment of the affirmation statutes or the procedural consequences flowing from Quaker identity in litigation. Researchers should look beyond these dictionary sources to English statutory compilations and treatises on evidence for the operative legal framework.
Jurisdictional Note
English statutory law was the primary source of legal consequence for Quaker identity, and the English affirmation regime does not map directly onto American law. In the United States, oath affirmation alternatives became broadly available across denominations, reducing the denomination-specific legal significance. Colonial-era American records, particularly from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, will show Quaker legal accommodations that diverge from both English practice and that of other American colonies.
Related Terms
Affirmation; Oath; Conscientious Objector; Friends (Society of); Toleration Act; Competency of Witnesses; Religious Exemption; Solemn Declaration
QUAKERmain
Black's Law Dictionary • 1891
This, in England, is the statutory, as well as the popular, name of a member of a religious society, by themselves denominated "Friends." It
QUAKERmain
Black's Law Dictionary (2nd Ed.) • 1910
This, in England, is the statutory, as well as the popular, name of a member of a religious society, by themselves denominated “Friends.”
QUAKERmain
Rapalje & Lawrence • 1883
(1043) Quæ præter consuetudinem et moQUÆRENS NON INVENIT PLErem majorum fiunt, neque placent, GIUM. The plaintiff has not found pledge. neque recta videntur (4 Co.78): Things A return made by a sheriff upon certain writs which are done contrary to the custom and usage of our ancestors neither please nor appear right. Quæ propter necessitatem recepta sunt, non debent in argumentum trahi (D. 50, 17, 162): Things admitted on account of necessity should not be drawn in question. Quæ rerum natura prohibentur, nulla lege confirmata sunt (Finch 74): Things which are prohibited by the nature of things are confirmed by no law. directed to him with this clause: Si A. fecerit B. securum de clamore suo prosequendo, &c.-F. N. B. 38. Quærere dat sapere quæ sunt legitima vere (Litt. 2443): To inquire into is the way to know what things are truly lawful. Quæritur ut crescant tot magna volumina legis; in promptu causa est, crescit in orbe dolus (3 Co. 82): It is questioned how so many books of law increase; the reason is plain, deceit increases in the world. QUÆSTA.-An indulgence or remission Quæ sunt minoris culpæ sunt maof penance, sold by the pope. joris infamiae (Co. Litt. 6): Things which are of the smaller guilt are of the greater infamy. Quæcunque intra rationem legis inveniuntur, intra legem ipsam esse judicantur (2 Inst. 689): What things s0ever appear within the reason of a law, are to be considered within the law itself. Quælibet concessio domini regis capi debet stricte contra dominum regem, quando potest intelligi duabus viis (3 Leon. 243): Every grant of our lord the king ought to be taken strictly against our lord the king, when it can be understood in two ways. Quælibet concessio fortissime contra donatorem interpretanda est (Co. QUÆSTIO. - In the civil law, a commission to inquire into a criminal matter. Inquiry by the torture. QUÆSTIONARII. Those who carried quæsta about from door to door. QUÆSTIONES PERPETUÆ. - In Roman law, were commissions (or courts) of inquisition into crimes alleged to have been committed. They were called "perpetuce," to distinguish them from occasional inquisitions, and because they were permanent courts for the trial of offenders.-Brown. QUÆSTOR, or QUESTOR. -A Roman magistrate. QUÆSTUS.-That estate which a man Litt. 183): Every grant is to be most strongly has by acquisition or purchase, in contradistinetaken against the grantor. Quælibet jurisdictio cancellos suos habet (Jenk. Cent. 137): Every jurisdiction has its own bounds. Quælibet narratio super brevi locari debet in comitatu in quo breve emanavit: Every count upon the writ ought to be laid in the county in which the writ arose. Quælibet pardonatio debet capi secundum intentionem regis, et non ad deceptionem regis (3 Buls. 14): Every pardon ought to be taken according to the intention of the king, and not to the deception of the king. tion to hæreditas, which is what he has by descent. Glanv. 1, 7, c. 1. QUAKER.-The name of a member of a religious society, more correctly denominated Friend. The nature of their creed was for a long time misrepresented and unknown; but since they have laid it before the public, they have enjoyed from the various parties of the Christian church a high degree of consideration and respect. They were once called "seekers," and the term "quakers" arose out of the frequent exhortations to "tremble at the name of the Lord," given by this sect to their folQuælibet pæna corporalis, quamlowers. Indeed, a story is related that vis minima, major est qualibet pœna pecuniaria (3 Inst. 220): Every corporal Fox having given this command to a juspunishment, although the very least, is greater tice of the peace, was by him derided and than any pecuniary punishment. a QUÆRE.-Question; query. A word used in the reports to indicate that or question arising in the case is cided, and is deemed doubtful. point not deQUÆRENS. - A plaintiff'; the plaintiff. called a "quaker." It seems likely, however, since the term was in very general took its origin from the earnest use, that it and trembling voice and action of all the preachers of the sect. But there is another conjecture on the subject, which has obtained the support of Malone. This
QUAKERn.
Websters Unabridged Dictionary (1913) • 1913
One who quakes. One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, about 1650, -- the members of which call themselves Friends. They were called Quakers, originally, in derision. See Friend, n., 4. Fox's teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance . . . The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body; men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life. Encyc. Brit. The nankeen bird. The sooty albatross. Any grasshopper or locust of the genus (Edipoda; -- so called from the quaking noise made during flight. Quaker buttons. (Bot.) See Nux vomica. -- Quaker gun, a dummy cannon made of wood or other material; -- so called because the sect of Friends, or Quakers, hold to the doctrine, of nonresistance. -- Quaker ladies (Bot.), a low American biennial plant (Houstonia cærulea), with pretty four-lobed corollas which are pale blue with a yellowish center; -- also called bluets, and little innocents.
Quakernoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
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A believer of the Quaker faith and a member of the Society of Friends, known for their pacifist views.
Quakernoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
Extracted and formatted for display by Law Mind. Source link opens the current Wiktionary page and its contributor history; it is not a frozen copy of this extract.
A player of any game in the Quake series of first-person shooters.
quakernoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
Extracted and formatted for display by Law Mind. Source link opens the current Wiktionary page and its contributor history; it is not a frozen copy of this extract.
Alternative letter-case form of Quaker. | Any of various lycaenid butterflies of the genus Pithecops.

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