(660) sential to render the act fraudulent as to creditors. It is constructively so, if it necessarily leads to the injury of the creditor. 1 B. Monroe's R. 157. 2 Kent's Com. 441, note. a liberty; a place of exclusive jurisdiction. Britt. c. 19. An exclusive privilege. Id. ibid. Freedom; liberty, as distinguished from bondage. En favour de franchise; in favor of liberty. Id. c. 49. FRAUNK, Fraunck. L. Fr. Free; frank. Fraunck estate; a free estate. Britt. c. 31. Fraunk home; a freeman. Id. ibid. Fraunk ferme; frank or free farm. Id. c. 66. Fraunk tenement; a free tenement; a freehold. Id. c. 31. FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, Statutes of, (or against.) The name given to two celebrated English statutes, the stat. 13 Eliz. c. 5, made perpetual by 29 Eliz. c. 5; and the stat. 27 Eliz. c. 4, made perpetual by 29 Eliz. c. 18. By the first of these statutes, (13 Eliz. c. 5,) after declaring its object to be "for the avoiding and abolishing of feigned, covinous, and fraudulent feoffments, gifts, grants, alienations, Fraunck plegge; frank pledge. Id. c. 20. bonds, suits, judgments and executions, as FRAUS. Lat. Fraud. More comwell of lands and tenements as of goods and monly called, in the civil law, dolus and chattels, which feoffments, &c. have been dolus malus, (qq. v.) A distinction, howand are devised and contrived of malice, ever, was sometimes made between fraus fraud, covin, collusion or guile to the end, and dolus; the former being held to be of purpose and intent to delay, hinder or dethe most extensive import. Calv. Lex. fraud creditors and others of their just See Dolus. Calvin derives fraus from and lawful actions, suits, debts, &c. ;" it is ferre, (or Gr. 4ɛɛw,) to bear, to bear away enacted that every feoffment, gift, grant, or take away; its object usually being to alienation, bargain and conveyance of lands, take away another's right of property. tenements, hereditaments, goods and Fraus est celare fraudem. It is a fraud chattels, or of any of them, &c. to or for to conceal a fraud. 1 Vern. 240. 1 Stoany intent or purpose before declared or ex-ry's Eq. Jur. §§ 389, 390. pressed, shall be deemed and taken (only as against that person, his heirs, &c. whose actions, debts, &c. are or may be in any wise disturbed, hindered, delayed or defrauded,) to be utterly void and of no effect. See Roberts on Fraud. Conv. 2, 3. Burrill on Assignments, 397–399. This statute has been universally adopted in American law, as the basis of our jurisprudence on the subject of conveyances, or assignments, to defraud creditors. Id. 399, 402, et seq. 1 Story's Eq. Jur. § 353. 4 Kent's Com. 462, 463. The stat. 27 Eliz. c. 4, § 2, enacts that every conveyance of lands, tenements or other hereditaments whatsoever, made with the intent and purpose to defraud and deceive any person or persons, bodies politic or corporate, who shall purchase the same, shall be deemed and taken (only as against that person or persons, body politic or corporate, bis and their heirs, successors, executors, administrators and assigns,) to be utterly void, frustrate and of none effect. FRAUNCHE, Fraunch. L. Fr. Free. Fraunche ley; frank-law. Britt. c. 52. Ascuns fraunches, et ascuns enserves; some free and some bound. Id. c. 54. Fraunch pescherie; free fishery, (q. v.) (661) FRECTUM, Frettum. L. Lat. In old English law. Freight. Quoad frectum navium suarum; as to the freight of his vessels. Blount. Plac. Parl. 21 Edw. I. cited ibid. FREDUM, Freda, Fredus. L. Lat. [from Sax. fred, fride, peace.] In old European law. A sum or price paid to the magistrate, as a recompense for the protection which he afforded against the right of revenge. 1 Robertson's Charles V. Appendix, Note xxiii. Esprit des Lois, liv. 30, c. 20. This was in addition to the composition paid to the injured party, or his relatives, as a satisfaction for the injury committed, and it was usually equal to the third part of the composition. Id. ibid. See Composition. Spelman considers it to have been a fine paid for violation of the public peace, (propter pacem violatam,) or as the price of obtaining peace, (ob impetrandam pacem ;) but this idea is combated by Dr. Robertson, who follows the opinion of Montesquieu. See supra. The fredum is supposed by Spelman to be the origin of the fines or amercements imposed upon parties to actions under the old English practice. FREDWITE, Fridwite, Frithwite. Sax. [from fred, or frith, peace, and wite, a fine.] In Saxon law. A sum of money paid to obtain peace, or exemption from prosecution. The same as fredum, (q. v.) Spelman, voc. Fredum. (662) (663) sibi et hæredibus suis. Item ur liberum ration Act, (5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 76,) as distenementum, sicut ad vitam tantum, vel tinguished from the burgesses newly created eodem modo, ad tempus indeterminatum, by the act, and entitled to the rights which absque aliqua certa temporis præfinitione; it newly confers, who are entered on the freehold is that which one holds to him burgess roll. 3 Steph. Com. 197. Cole and his heirs, in fee, and inheritance; or in on Crim. Inform. 224. fee only, to him and his heirs. Also as freehold, as for life only, or in the same way for an indeterminate period, without any fixed limitation of time. Bract. fol. 207. The quality of an indefinite duration, here mentioned by Bracton, has always been the quality of a freehold estate. A term for years, for however long a period, and though far exceeding the duration of human life, is no freehold. Bract. fol. 27. 2 Bl. Com. 143. FREEHOLD IN LAW, is where lands or tenements are descended to a man, and he may enter into them when he will; before his entry he has a freehold in law; after entry, he has a freehold in deed or fact. Termes de la Ley. ( 664 ) great bulk of real property in England is forfeited his friends, (quod forisfacit aminow holden, having absorbed and swallowed cos;) all persons being forbidden to give up almost every other species of tenure. him food or shelter, or to have any com2 Bl. Com. 79, 89. 1 Steph. Com. 197. munication with him. Bract. fol. 128 b. Called also common socage, and in the statute 12 Car. II. c. 24, free and common socage. See Socage.