DENARIUS

6 definitions found across Law Mind sources

DENARIUSAuthored
The Law Mind • 1078 words
Definition
A term of Latin origin appearing in English legal sources with two related but distinct meanings: 1. Roman coin. The principal silver coin of ancient Rome, equivalent to approximately eight pence in early English valuations. First minted around 269 B.C., it represented one-seventh of a Roman ounce by weight. In later Roman imperial periods, debased copper coins were also called denarii, which accounts for variation in valuations across legal texts. 2. English penny. In medieval and early modern English legal instruments, denarius served as the standard Latin term for the penny sterling — specifically the penny of England (denarius Angliae qui nominatur sterlingus). Under the Compositio Mensurarum (attributed to the reign of Edward I, though some authorities place it under Henry III), the penny sterling was defined by weight: 32 grains of wheat from the middle of the ear, with 20 pennyweights to the ounce and 12 ounces to the pound. This weight standard gave the denarius legal significance extending well beyond currency into systems of weights and measures. In legal documents, the term appears most often in the second sense — as the standard Latin equivalent for "penny" in pleadings, writs, obligations, and accounting records from the medieval period through the early modern era. ---
Common Language
Modern common usage (Wiktionary): A small silver coin of the Roman Republic and Empire, equal to 10 asses or 4 sesterces; roughly one day's wages for a skilled worker. Historical common usage (Webster's 1913): A Roman silver coin worth about fourteen cents; the "penny" of the New Testament; originally worth ten asses. The gap between common and legal usage here is primarily one of scope. Ordinary reference sources treat denarius as an ancient Roman coin of historical and biblical interest. English legal sources repurpose the term as the working Latin word for the penny sterling — a live unit of account in English law for centuries. A researcher encountering denarius in a medieval English legal text should not assume Roman coinage; the term almost certainly refers to an English penny and may carry weight-and-measure significance alongside its monetary meaning. ---
Recognized Forms
/SUBTYPES Denarius Dei — Literally "God's penny." Earnest money; a small sum of money given at the completion of a bargain as a token of the contract's formation. Distinct from arrhe (earnest money paid as partial security or pledge), denarius Dei was a symbolic rather than compensatory payment, typically given to the church or a bystander as a witness to the transaction. It appears in conveyancing and contract contexts in medieval English and continental sources. Denarius Angliae — The penny of England; the penny sterling. Used in statutory and legal texts to specify the English penny as distinguished from foreign coin. ---
Why It Matters in Research
Researchers working in medieval English legal records will encounter denarius constantly — it is the default Latin term for penny in writs, plea rolls, accounts, and charters. The challenge is threefold. First, the valuation problem. When historical dictionaries assign a value to the denarius (Black's gives "worth 8d."), they are describing the Roman coin, not the English penny. A document expressing a debt in denarii means pennies, not some fraction of a shilling derived from Roman equivalents. Conflating the two produces nonsensical monetary readings. Second, the weight-and-measure dimension. Because the penny sterling was a statutory unit of weight under the Compositio Mensurarum, denarius in technical or commercial legal texts may implicate measurement law, not just monetary obligation. This matters for reading contracts involving precious metals, spices, or other goods priced by weight. Third, denarius Dei requires separate attention. Researchers tracing the history of contract formation, earnest money, or the distinction between executed and executory agreements will find the term at the intersection of ecclesiastical practice and common law contract doctrine. The God's penny was not consideration in the modern sense; its significance was evidentiary and ceremonial. Treating it as equivalent to a deposit or partial payment misstates its legal function. The Rapalje & Lawrence entry in the source material appears to be a misattribution or scanning error — the text reproduced under that entry addresses demurrers and pleading, not denarius. Researchers relying on that source for this term should disregard it. ---
Historical Dictionary Support
Black's Law Dictionary (both editions) treats denarius primarily through its Roman meaning, citing Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities, and appends the English penny usage without elaborating the statutory weight standard. This leaves the fuller legal significance of denarius Angliae underdeveloped. Burrill's Law Dictionary provides the more practically useful entry for English legal research. Burrill traces the term directly to the Compositio Mensurarum and quotes the weight standard (32 grains of wheat to the penny), citing Spelman, Fleta (lib. 2, c. 12), and Coke's Institutes (2 Inst. 575). This grounds denarius in the actual administrative and legal history of English weights and measures rather than Roman antiquity. The sources broadly agree that denarius means both "Roman coin" and "English penny" but diverge in emphasis. For common law research purposes, Burrill's emphasis on the statutory penny is the more useful frame. Neither Black's nor Burrill's fully develops denarius Dei beyond a passing definition; researchers needing that term will need to go beyond dictionary sources to conveyancing treatises and histories of contract formation. ---
Jurisdictional Note
Denarius as a term of active legal significance is substantially confined to English and Anglo-Norman legal history. Civil law jurisdictions and Scottish sources may use the term in Roman law contexts with different valuations and without the English statutory weight meaning. Researchers working in comparative or ecclesiastical law sources should be attentive to which tradition is operating. ---
Related Terms
Penny — Modern English equivalent; the unit denarius translates in English legal instruments. Denarius Dei — God's penny; earnest money as token of contract completion. See subtype above. Arrhe — Earnest money given as security or pledge; distinguished from denarius Dei by its compensatory character. Compositio Mensurarum — The statutory authority defining the penny sterling by weight. Sterling — The qualifying adjective specifying the English penny as the legal standard coin. Earnest Money — The functional modern concept most closely related to denarius Dei. Weights and Measures (Historical) — Related system in which the penny's weight served as a foundational unit. Obolus — Another small coin denomination appearing in medieval legal texts alongside denarius.
DENARIUSmain
Black's Law Dictionary • 1891
The chief silver coin among the Romans, worth 8d.; it was the seventh part of a Roman ounce. Also an English penny. The denarius was first coined five years before the first Punic war, B. C. 269. In later times a copper coin was called "denarius." Smith, Dict. Antiq.
DENARIUSmain
Rapalje & Lawrence • 1888
(373) and in the latter case the court generally damus and of a demurrer to a plea to the gives the party against whom a demurrer return, see The Queen v. The Postmasterhas been allowed, leave to amend his General, 1 Q. B. D. 658), and to an indictpleading, so as to state facts showing a cause of action or ground of defence. Questions of law may also be raised by special cases, motions for judgment and new trial, &c. The nature of demurrers differs according as they were used at common law or in equity. ment or information. Broom Com. L. 993, п. (р). 29. Criminal procedure. -Demurrers in criminal prosecutions by indictment or information often occur in practice. A general demurrer is founded on some substantial defect in the indictment; a special demurrer, or demurrer in abatement, 25. At common law there were formerly, in England, two kinds of demurrers, viz.: "demuris founded on some formal defect; special rers upon pleading" and "demurrers upon demurrers are nearly obsolete. Archb. evidence." (Co. Litt. 72a.) Demurrers upon pleading were similar to demurrers under the Crim. Pl. 131. See ARREST OF JUDGMENT. present practice, except that a joinder in demurDEMURRER, (defined). 28 Conn. 69, 89. (what constitutes). 6 Cow. (N. Y.) (effect of). 5 Halst. (N. J.) 328. (in equity, effect of). Sax. (N. J.) 43. 555. rer was necessary by the party whose pleading was impeached, and that the pleadings down to the joinder had to be made up into a demurrer book. (Chit. Pr. 928. See ISSUE.) Before the Common Law Procedure Act, 1852, demurrers upon pleading were of two kinds: "general demurrers," or "demurrers to the substance," raising a point of law, and "special demurrers," the issue on a demurrer at law, containor "demurrers to the form," used where the pleading demurred to did not follow the rules of pleading. The latter were called "special" because the defect of form objected to had to be specified in the demurrer. (Co. Litt. 72a; 3 Bl. Com. 315; Steph. Pl. (5) 151.) Special demurrers were abolished by the C. L. P. Act, 1852, 51. There were also demurrers to aid prier, voucher, receipt, waging of law and the like (Co. Litt. 72a), but these were antiquated long before the passing of the Judicature Acts. 26. A demurrer to evidence is raised apon the trial of an action; the party demurring declares that he will not proceed because the evidence offered on the other side is not sufficient to maintain the issue. The practice of moving for a new trial has, in most jurisdictions, superseded this proceeding. 5 Co. 104; Co. Litt. 72a; Steph. Pl. (5) 99, 101; 3 Bl. Com. 372; Chit. Pr. 439. 7. In equity, demurrers are rarely pleaded except by defendants, and are of several kinds, of which demurrers for want of equity, for want of parties, and for multifariousness, are the most important. (Hunt. Eq. 29; Mitf. Pl. 107 et seq.; Dan. Ch. Pr. 470 et seq.) If a demurrer is so framed as to bring in facts not stated in the bill, it is called a "speaking demurrer," and should be overruled. Hunt. Eq. 36; Dan. Ch. Pr. 504. - The chief silver coin among the Romans, worth 8d.; it was the seventh part of a Roman ounce. Also, an English penny. The denarius was first coined five years before 8. Demurring is also applicable to various proceedings not being actions; e. g. to some old common law writs (for an instance of a demurrer to a return to a man- Antiq the first Punic war, B. c. 269. In later times a copper coin was called denarius. Smith. Dict.
DENARIUSmain
Burrill's Law Dictionary • 1867
L. Lat. [Fr. denier.] A penny; an English penny. By the statute called Compositio Mensurarum, 51 Edw. I. [Hen. III.] it was declared that the penny sterling of England (denarius Angliæ qui nominatur sterlingus,) should weigh 32 grains of corn from the middle of the ear, and 20 pennies [penny weights] should. make an ounce, and 12 ounces a pound. Spelman. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 12. See 2 Inst. 575. Lat. In the Roman law. A silver coin of the value of ten asses, or ten pounds of brass. Its value in modern money is estimated at 74d. sterling, or about 144 cents. Encyclop. Amer. Brande.
DENARIUSn.
Websters Unabridged Dictionary (1913) • 1913
A Roman silver coin of the value of about fourteen cents; the "penny" of the New Testament; -- so called from being worth originally ten of the pieces called as.
denariusnoun
Wiktionary (English) • 2026
Wiktionary contributorsCC BY-SA 4.0 • via Kaikki
Extracted and formatted for display by Law Mind. Source link opens the current Wiktionary page and its contributor history; it is not a frozen copy of this extract.
A small silver coin issued both during the Roman Republic and during the Roman Empire, equal to 10 asses or 4 sesterces. Roughly one day’s wage for a skilled worker.

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