(289) is brought against one partner alone for a joint confirmation, release, surrender and dedebt, and judgment is obtained before the bankruptcy, the joint debt will be converted into a separate debt against that partner. Robs. Bankr. 605, 607. CONVERSION, (defined). 19 Conn. 319; 71 Me. 565; 10 Cush. (Mass.) 416. (what constitutes). 36 Me. 436; 7 Johns. (N. Y.) 254, 257; 10 Id. 172; 5 Cow. (Ν. Υ.) 323; 9 Wend. (N. Y.) 167; 23 Id. 462. feasance. See the various titles. 25. Under statute of uses.-Conveyances under the statute of uses (q. v.) are those which derive their force from the Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., by which the use or beneficial interest in land is in certain cases converted in the legal possession and ownership. CONVEY-CONVEYANCE.- 6. Conveyances of this kind are said to Apparently from the French: convoyer, to accompany operate with transmutation of possession, where teon with, voie; LATIN: via, a way); hence to convoy, take safely from one place to another, convey. (2 Diez 455.) "Conveyance," in the sense of a transfer of property, seems to be a comparatively modern term, the old word being "assurance" (qv.) Coke used "conveyance" as signifying that part of a pleading which serves as an explanation or introduction to the material facts. Co. Litt. 303 a. 21. In the widest sense of the word a conveyance is a mode by which property is conveyed or voluntarily transferred from one person to another by means of a written instrument and other formalities. It also signifies the instrument itself. Conveyances are of three classes: by matter of record, by matter in pais, and by special custom. (2 Bl. Com. 294, 344, where private acts of parliament are treated of under the head of conveyance.) As to conveyances generally, see the works of Elphinstone, Davidson, Bythewood and Jarman. 2. By matter of record.-Conveyances by matter of record are such as are substantiated by a court of record. The only examples of this class in use at the present day in England, are royal grants and vesting orders (q. v.) Fines and recoveries (q. v.) belonged to this class before their abolition. 23. By matter in pais. -Conveyances by matter in pais are such as only require the act or consent of the parties themselves, testified by the proper formalities. They are of three kinds, according as they operate by the common law, by the statute of uses, or under certain modern statutes. the possession of the land is first transferred by a conveyance taking effect independently of the statute of uses, and the statute then transfers the possession to the cestui que use. To this class belong the obsolete feoffiment to uses and the modern deed of grant to uses, in each of which the land is conveyed to a feoffee or grantee, and either by the same or by a separate instrument (whether contemporaneous or subsequent) uses are declared in favor of other persons to whom the legal possession and ownership are transferred by force of the statute. Examples of such convevances occur in a strict settlement, in which power is usually given to the tenant for life (the husband) to grant leases for twenty-one years. This is done by conveying the land to certain persons (called the "trustees of the powers") to the uses of the settlement, and by giving the tenant for life a power to appoint the land by way of lease for any term not exceeding twentyone years. (Wms. Sett. 37; 3 Dav. Prec. Conv. 480, 1005.) When fines and recoveries were employed as modes of conveyance, any complicated limitations required (as in settlements) were effected by deeds specifying the uses to which the land was to be held. If the deed was made previously to the fine or recovery, it was called "a deed to lead the uses"; if subsequently, "a deed to declare the uses." 2 Bl. Com. 363. See POWER. 7. Conveyances are said to operate without transmutation of possession where nothing but the use passes, until the statute takes effect; these include the bargain and sale, the covenant to stand seized, and the lease and release. 1 Hayes Conv. 76; 2 Id. 74, n. See those titles. 28. Under modern statutes. -Conveyances under modern English statutes include (1) the release under the Stat. 4 and 5 Vict. c. 21 (see LEASE AND RELEASE); (2) the modern deed of grant under Stat. 8 and 9 Vict. c. 106 (see GRANT); (3) disentailing deeds and conveyances by married women under Stat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 74 (see DISENTAILING DEED); (4) registered transfers under the Land Transfer Act, 1875 (see LAND REGISTRIES); and (5) conveyances of land to companies under the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845; transfers of ships by bill of sale under the Merchant Shipping Act, &c. Some writers include alienation by devise among conveyances (2 Bl. Com. 373; 1 Steph. Com. 588); but this is contrary to the usual meaning 4. At common law. -Conveyances at common law are said to be "original" or "primary" when they transfer the property without reference to a previous conveyance, and "derivative" or "secondary" when they f