include illegitimate offspring, grandchildren, or stepchildren. But, ordinarily, the reference is to descendants in the first degree only.1 The word is generally a word of purchase; but not so in the case of a grant in the present tense to a man and his children, he having no child, as in Wild's Case.2 While the word "children" will include a grandchild, the presumption of law is against such construction.4 The word itself intends only legitimate children. Children become emancipated at twenty-one. Their duties to their parents arise out of natural justice, and compensation. At common law they are not bound to support an infirm or indigent parent; but otherwise, now, by statute. They may defend the parent's person, but may not commit crime at his command. In a contest for the possession of a child, the welfare of the child is the controlling consideration. The father will be given the custody of it, unless he is shown to be unfit or incompetent for that office, or unless the welfare of the child demands a different disposition." See further ADOPT, 3; AGE; AGENT; BASTARD; DESCENDANT; DIE, Without, etc.; FAMILY; HEIR; INFANT; ISSUE, 5; NAME, 1; NEGLIGENCE; ORPHAN; PARENT; PATER, Partus, etc.; PERPETUITY; RAISE; SHELLEY'S CASE; WITNESS. CHINA, DECORATED. See PAINTING. See BURIAL; CITIZEN; COMMERCE; LAUNDRIES; POLICY, 2; QUARANTINE, 2; RIGHT, Civil Rights Act; TREATY; apply to the case of any master whose vessel, being bound to a port not within the United States, shall come within the jurisdiction of the United States by reason of being in distress or in stress of weather, or touching at a port on its voyage to any foreign port or place: provided that all laborers brought on such vessel shall not be permitted to land except in case of absolute necessity, and must depart with the vessel on leaving port. Sec. 4. For the purpose of properly identifying Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the 17th of November, 1880, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of the act to which this act is amendatory, and in order to furnish them with the proper evidence of their right to go from and come to the United States, [of their free will and accord,] as provided by the said act and the treaty between the United States and China dated November 17, 1880, the collector of customs of the district from which any such laborer shall depart from the United States shall, in person or by deputy, go on board each vessel having on board any such laborer, and cleared or about to sail from his district for a foreign port, and on such vessel make a list of all such laborers, which shall be entered in registry books kept for that purpose, in which shall be stated the individual, family, and tribal name in full, the age, occupation, when and where followed, last place of residence, physical marks or peculiarities, and all facts necessary for the identification of each of such laborers, which books shall be safely kept in the custom-house; and every such laborer so departing from the United States shall be entitled to, and shall receive, free of any charge or cost, upon application therefor, from the collector, or his deputy in the name of said collector, and attested by said collector's seal of office, at the time such list is taken, a certificate, signed by the collector or his deputy, and attested by his seal of office, in such form as the secretary of the treasury shall prescribe, which certificate shall contain a statement of the individual, family, and tribal name in full, age, осcupation, when and where followed, [last place of residence, personal description, and facts of identification,] of the laborer to whom the certificate is issued, corresponding with the said list and registry in all particulars. In case any laborer, after having received such certificate, shall leave such vessel before her departure, he shall deliver his certificate to the master of the vessel, and, if such laborer shall fail to return to such vessel before her departure from port, the certificate shall be delivered by the master to the collector of customs for cancellation. The certificate herein provided for shall entitle the laborer to whom the same is issued to return to and re-enter the United States upon producing and delivering the same to the collector of customs of the district at which such laborer shall seek to re-enter; and said certificate shall be the only evidence permissible to establish his right of re-entry; and upon [delivery] delivering of such certificate by such laborer to the collector of customs at the time of re-entry, said collector shall cause the same to be filed in the custom-house and duly canceled. Sec. 5. Any Chinese laborer mentioned in section four being in and desiring to depart from the United States by land, shall have the right to demand and receive, free of charge or cost, a certificate of identification similar to that provided for in section four to be issued to such laborers as may desire to leave the United States by water; and it is hereby made the duty of the collector of customs of the district next adjoining the foreign country to which said laborer desires to go to issue such certificate, free of charge or cost, upon application by such laborer, and to enter the same upon registry books kept as provided for in section four. Sec. 6. In order to the faithful execution of [articles one and two of the treaty in the provisions of this act, [before mentioned,] every Chinese person other than a laborer, who may be entitled by said treaty [and] or this act to come within the United States, and who shall be about to come to the United States, shall obtain the permission of and be identified as so entitled by the Chinese government, or of such other foreign government of which at the time such person shall be a subject, in each case, [such identity] to be evidenced by a certificate issued [under the authority of said] by such government, which certificate shall be in the English language, [or, if not, accompanied by a translation into English, stating such right to come,] and shall show such permission, with the name of the permitted person in his or her proper signature, and which certificate shall state the individual, family, and tribal name in full, title or official rank, if any, the age, height, and all phys to indorse the same. Such certificate, viséd as afore said, shall be prima facie evidence of the fact set forth therein, and shall be produced to the collector of customs [or his deputy] of the port at which the person shall arrive, and afterward produced to the proper authorities of the United States whenever lawfully demanded, and shall be the sole evidence permissible on the part of the person producing the same to establish a right of entry; but said certificate may be controverted, and the facts therein stated disproved, by the United States authorities. Sec. 7. Any person who shall knowingly and falsely alter or substitute any name for the name written in such certificate, or forge any such certificate, or knowingly utter any forged or fraudulent certificate, or falsely personate any person named in any such certificate, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisoned in a penitentiary for a term of not more than five years. Sec. 8. The master of any vessel arriving from any foreign place shall, at the same time he delivers a manifest of the cargo, and, if there be no cargo, then at the time of making a report of the entry of the vessel pursuant to law, in addition to the other matter required to be reported, and before landing, or permitting to land, any Chinese passengers, deliver and report to the collector of customs of the district in which such vessels shall have arrived a separate list of all Chinese passengers taken on board his vessel at any foreign place, and all such passengers on board the vessel at that time. Such list shall show the names of such passengers, (and if accredited officers of the Chinese or of any other foreign government traveling on the business of that government, or their servants, with a note of such facts,) and the names and other particulars, as shown by their respective certificates; and such list shall be sworn to by the master in the manner required by law in relation to the manifest of the cargo. Any [willful] refusal or willful neglect of any such master to comply with the provisions of this section shall incur the same penalties and forfeiture as are provided for a refusal or neglect to report and deliver a manifest of cargo. Sec. 9. Before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such vessel, the collector or his deputy shall proceed to examine such passengers, comparing the certificates with the list, and with the passengers; and no passengers shall be allowed to land from such vessel in violation of law. Sec. 10. Every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any provision of this act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and shall be liable to seizure and condemnation in any district into which such vessel may enter, or in which she may be found. enter by land without producing to the proper officer of customs the certificate required of persons seeking to land from a vessel. And any person found unlawfully here shall be caused to be removed to the country whence he came, [by direction of the President,] and at the cost of the United States, after being brought beforé some justice, judge, or commissioner of a United States court, and found to be one not lawfully entitled to remain; and in all such cases the person who brought, or aided in bringing, such person to the United States, shall be liable to the United States for all necessary expenses incurred in such investigation and removal; and all peace officers of the several States and Territories are hereby invested with the same authority as a marshal or United States marshal in reference to carrying out the provisions of this act, or the act of which this is amendatory, as a marshal or deputy marshal of the United States, and shall be entitled to like compensation, to be paid by the same officers. And the United States shall pay all charges for the maintenance and return of any person having the certificate prescribed by law as entitling such person to come into the United States, who may not have been permitted to land by reason of any provision of this act. Sec. 13. This act shall not apply to diplomatic and other officers of the Chinese or other governments traveling upon the business of that government, whose credentials shall be taken as equivalent to the certificate in this act mentioned, and shall exempt them and their body and household servants from the provisions of this act as to other Chinese persons. Sec. 14. Hereafter no court shall admit Chinese to citizenship; and all laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Sec. 15. The provisions of this act shall apply to all subjects of China and Chinese, whether subjects of China or any other foreign power; and the words "Chinese laborers" shall be construed to mean both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining. Sec. 16. Any violation of any provision of this act, or of the act of which this is amendatory, th given rise in certain parts of the United States, desires to prohibit the emigration of such laborers from China to the United States; "And whereas the government of the United States and the government of China desire to coöperate in prohibiting such emigration, and to strengthen in other ways the bonds of friendship between the two countries; " Now, therefore, the President of the United States has appointed Thomas F. Bayard, secretary of state, as his plenipotentiary; and the Emperor of China has appointed Chang Yen Hoon, minister of the third rank of the Imperial Court, etc., as his plenipotentiary; and the said plenipotentiaries have agreed upon the following articles: About September 1st it was "reported, by way of London," that the treaty in its new shape had been rejected. The representative of China, at Washington, made no such report. On September 3rd the subjoined "Exclusion Act " was presented, read and passed in the House of Representatives, and by the Senate, four days later, unamended. A motion to reconsider the vote postponed final action by the latter body some ten days; and on October 1st the President signed the bill, - the Chinese government, on September 20th, having declined to negotiate further upon the subject-matter. The act reads as follows: "Be it enacted, etc., That from and after the passage of this act, it shall be unlawful for any Chinese laborer who shall at any time heretofore have been, or may now or hereafter be, a resident within the United States, and who shall have departed, or shall depart, therefrom, and shall have not returned before the passage of this act, to return to, or remain, in the United States. "Sec. 2. That no certificates of identity provided for in the fourth or fifth section of the act to which this is a supplement shall hereafter be issued; and every certificate heretofore issued in pursuance thereof is hereby declared void and of no effect, and the Chinese laborer, claiming admission by virtue thereof, shall not be permitted to enter the United States. "Sec. 3. That all the duties prescribed, liabilities, penalties and forfeitures imposed, and the powers conferred by the second, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth sections of the act to which this is a supplement are hereby extended and made applicable to the provisions of this act. "Sec. 4. That all such part or parts of the act to which this is a supplement as are inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed." (See 25 St. L. 504.) An act approved October 19, 1888, appropriated fifty thousand dollars for carrying into effect the provisions of the Exclusion Act. (25 St. L. 615.) In the case of Chae Chan Ping v. United States, decided May 13, 1889 (130 U. S. 581, 589), the Supreme Court held that Congress has power to pass the act of October 1st, 1888, notwithstanding that it may affect personal rights acquired under existing treaties. Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion, said, in substance: By the Constitution, laws made in pursuance thereof and treaties made under the authority of the United States are both declared to be the supreme law of the land, and no paramount authority is given to one over the other. A treaty, although in the nature of a contract, is often merely promissory in its character, requiring legislation to carry its stipulations into effect. Such legislation will be open to future repeal or amendment. If the treaty operates by its own force, and relates to a subject within the power of Congress, it can be deemed in that particular only the equivalent of a legislative act, to be repealed or modified at the pleasure of Congress. In either case the last expression of the sovereign will must control. While it will not be presumed that Congress will lightly pass laws conflicting with treaties, circumstances may arise which would not only justify the Government in disregarding their stipulations, but demand, in the interests of the country, that it should do so. Unexpected events may call for a change in the policy of the country. Neglect or violation of stipulations on the part of the other contracting party may require corresponding action on our part. In 1798 the conduct toward this country of the government of France was of such a character that Congress declared that we were freed and exonerated from the stipulalations of previous treaties with that country. That the Government, through the legislature, can exclude aliens from this territory is a proposition not open to controversy. Jurisdiction over its own territory to that extent belongs to every independent nation. It is a part of its independence. If it could not exclude aliens, to that extent it would be subject to the control of another power. As said by this Court in the case of The Exchange, 7 Cranch, 136 (1812), speaking by Chief Justice Marshall: "The jurisdiction of the nation within its own territory is necessarily exclusive and absolute. It is susceptible of no limitation not imposed by itself. Any restriction upon it, deriving validity from an external source, would imply a diminution of its sovereignty to the extent of the restriction and an investment of that sovereignty to the same extent in that power which could impose such restriction." To preserve its independence, and give security against foreign aggression and encroachment, is the highest duty of a nation. To attain these ends nearly all other considerations are to be subordinated. It matters not in what form such aggression and encroachment come, whether from the foreign nation acting in its national character or from hordes of its people crowding in upon us. The Government, possessing the powers which are to be exercised for prote