c. 29, whereby the legislature recognized and confirmed all the charters of the two universities, and those of the 14 Henry VIII. and 8 Eliz. by name (18 Eliz. c. 29); 16 Q. B. D. 761 (Oxford), 12 East 12 (Cambridge), which act established the privileges of these universities without any doubt or opposi- tion. It is to be observed, however, that the privilege can be claimed only on behalf of members who are defendants, and when an action in the High Court is brought against such member the university enters a claim of conusance, that is, claims the cognizance of the matter, whereupon the action is withdrawn from the High Court and transferred to the University Court; 16 Q. B. D. 761. But as regards the Univer- sity of Cambridge the jurisdiction appears to be no longer exclusive; 19 & 20 Vict. cxvii. § 18; and it attaches only when both parties are scholars or privileged persons and the cause of action arose in Cambridge or its suburbs. Procedure in these courts was usually regulated according to the laws of the civil- ians, subject to specific rules made by the vice-chancellor, with the approval of three of her Majesty's judges. See (as to Oxford) 25 & 26 Vict. c 26, § 12. Under the charter of Henry VIII. the chancellor and vice- chancellor and the deputy of such vice- chancellor are justices of the peace for the counties of Oxford and Berks, which juris- diction has been recently confirmed in them by 49 & 50 Vict. c. 81; 3 Steph. Com. 325. The courts of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge have a criminal as well as a civil jurisdiction, and this of an extensive kind. The chancellor's court has authority to determine all offences which are misde- meanors only, when committed by a mem- ber of the university. And even treason, felony, and mayhem, if found to have been committed by any member thereof, may be tried in the court of the Lord High Steward of the University. A similar jurisdiction is enjoyed by the University of Cambridge. See Bac. Abr. tit. Universities. The right was granted under Henry IV., confirmed by 13 Eliz. c. 29, which charter provides, that a scholar or other privileged person be tried before the high steward of the university or his deputy, who is to be nominated by the chancellor of the univer- sity for the time being, but such high stew- ard must be approved by the Lord High Chancellor of England; and a special com- mission is given him under the great seal. The judge of the chancellor's court at Oxford was a vice-chancellor, with a deputy or assessor. An appeal lay from his sen- tence to delegates appointed by the congre- gation, thence to delegates appointed by the house of convocation, and thence, in case of any disagreement only, to judges delegates appointed by the crown under the great seal in chancery; 3 Steph. Com., 11th ed. 325. Proceedings in these courts are now gov- erned by the common and statute law of the realm; Stat. 17 & 18 Vict. c. 81, § 45; 18 & 19 Vict. c. 36; 19 & 20 Vict. cc. 31, 95; 20 & 21 Vict. c. 25.