moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of congress before the confederation, should be a charge against the United States; that when land forces were raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel should be appointed by the legislature of the state, or in such manner as the state should direct; and all vacancies should be filled up in the same manner; that all charges of war, and all other ex- penses for the common defence or general welfare, should be defrayed out of a common treasury, which should be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of the land within each state granted or surveyed, and the buildings and improve- ments thereon, on, to be estimated according to the mode prescribed by congress; and the taxes for that proportion were to be laid and levied by the legisla- tures of the states within the time agreed upon by congress. Certain prohibitions were laid upon the exercise of powers by the respective states. No state, with- out the consent of the United States, could send an embassy to, or receive an embassy from, or enter into any treaty with any king, prince, or state; nor could any person holding any office under the United States, or any of them, accept any present, emolument, office, or title from any foreign king, prince, or state; nor could congress itself grant any title of nobility, No two states could enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance with each other, without the consent of congress. No state could lay any imposts or duties which might interfere with any proposed treaties. No vessels of war were to be kept up by any state in time of peace, except deemed necessary by congress for its defence or trade; nor any body of fore forces, except as should be deemed requisite by congress to garrison its forts and necessary for its defence. But every state was required always to keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and to be provided with suitable field-pieces, and tents, and arms, and ammunition, and camp equi- page. No state could engage in war without the consent of congress, unless actually invaded by enemies or in danger of invasion by the Indians. Nor could any state grant commissions to any ships of war, nor letters of marque and reprisal except after a declaration of war by congress, unless such state were infested by pirates, and then subject to the determination of congress. No state could pre- vent the removal of any property imported into any state to any other state, of which the owner was an inhabitant. And no imposition, duties, or restric- tion could be laid by any state on the property of the United States or of either of them. There was also provision made for the admission of Canada into the Union, and of other colonies, with the assent of nine states. And it was finally declared that every state should abide by the deter- minations of congress on all questions submitted to it by the confederation; that the articles should be inviolably observed by every state; that the union should be perpetual; and that no alterations should be made in any of the articles, unless agreed to by congress and confirmed by the legislatures of every state.